The normal development of the female reproductive tract depends
on many intricate steps. Although some anomalies are multifactorial,
others present an inheritance component, which suggest that specific
genetic mutations may results in defects [123]. Actually, several genes
have been identified in the abnormal and normal development of the
genital tract, including the cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes and vagina.
In a recent publication, Connell et al. [91] have reviewed the normal
embryologic development of the reproductive tract in women, the
major genes involved in normal development, and genetic mutations
related to abnormal development and genetic syndromes featuring
Müllerian and vaginal anomalies. The Müllerian duct is the primordia
of the female reproductive tract [91] and develops into the fallopian
tubes, the uterus, and upper vagina. In spite of that Müllerian anomalies
are relative rare, they can significantly affect reproductive outcomes,
usually affecting the maintenance of pregnancy rather than conception
[124,125]. Understanding the underlying genetic basis of irregular development
of the female reproductive tract may help us understand
these undesirable outcomes. Although recent investigations have demonstrated
that continued adult expression of genes is critical to normal
embryologic development, further research is necessary to better know
if these genes could be a good target to develop a gene therapy-based
strategy to modify reproductive outcomes for patients.