A number of other specifications were also tested with similar results to those
reported in Table 1. These replications include: (a) portfolio-level regressions as
in Beaver et al. (1980), where 30 portfolios were formed in each of the 28 years by
ranking on returns; (b) annual cross-sectional regressions as in Easton and
Harris (1991); (c) regressions using market-model abnormal returns or risk
premia as the measure of unexpected returns; (d) time-series regressions on
a sample of 264 firms with continuous data from 1960 to 1980; (e) regressions
with earnings deflated by opening book value of assets or equity; (f) regressions
with up to four previous years' returns included as independent variables; and
(g) regressions including outliers.