Palladium (Pd) and palladium alloy membranes have been
extensively investigated for hydrogen separation due to their
high permselectivity and good thermal and chemical stabilities
[1,2]. This separation technology can be coupled with a
wide range of catalytic reactions, known as a membrane
reactor, and it is crucial for energy applications [3e5]. Palladium
alloy membranes can be either self-supported or supported
by a substrate (composite membrane configuration) in
the form of tubes or flat discs. In early studies, Pd membranes
were mainly self-supported with a high thickness, to ensure a
reasonable mechanical strength, and presented low hydrogen
(H2) permeability and high material cost. Currently, research
has been mostly focused towards the development of highly
permselective Pd and Pd-alloy composite membranes with
suitable mechanical strength and reduced membrane thickness.
The use of a porous support (i.e. a ceramic, a metallic or a
glass support), acting as a scaffold, provides additional
structure and mechanical strength. Meanwhile, the thickness
of the membrane can be significantly reduced, resulting in
higher permeation flux and less material cost [2]. The selection
of the substrate is crucial and based on its morphological
properties, such as pore size, pore size distribution, pore
structure, porosity, roughness of substrate and mechanical,
thermal and chemical stabilities [6]. Therefore, the development
of high quality composite Pd membrane is strongly
dependent on the achievement of a thin and highly permselective
membrane, which is largely determined by the selection
of a porous substrate with high surface area and
negligible permeation resistance.