improvement in log-likelihood and BIC. For example, when comparing Model 3 (the parametric model with Level 2 factor for random means) to Model 6 (the parametric model with Level 2
factor for random means and a factor for the Level 1 latent class indicators) for the threeclass solution, BIC improves from 58,093 to 57,827, with a difference of seven parameters. Similar improvements are observed for the nonparametric approach (Model set 4 compared to Model set 7). These improvements indicate that communities have a substantial influence on the Level 1 indicators of individual smoking typologies.