Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been used to design
3-D physical objects, such as furniture [9], aircraft engine
blades [10], and wings [11]. Notably, Lohn et al. [12]
evolved and manufactured an X-band satellite antenna for
NASAs ST5 spacecraft, representing the world’s first artificially
evolved hardware in space. Significantly, the antenna’s
performance was similar to a design hand-produced by an
antenna-contractor. Most of these approaches, however, have
used simulations to provide the fitness scores of the evolved
designs.