The first criterion is a performance-related specification; whereas, the second and third ones are
performance-based specifications [10, 11, and 12]. Performance-related specifications, as indicated by their name,
rely on materials and construction quality characteristics that have been found to correlate with fundamental
engineering properties that predict performance, such as air void percentage and binder content. Those typically
require simple, quick tests, data of which are easy to analyse. Performance-based specifications take pavement
QA/QC to a new level by relying on fundamental engineering properties (e.g. full |E*| characterization) to predict
the performance of the mix over its service life. These predictions typically include rut values (depths) and fatigue
percentages. Because most fundamental engineering properties are associated with timely and costly testing and
more complex data analysis, performance-based specifications are not yet widely used in pavement construction.
However, as the case study described below shows, adoption of performance-based specifications from a lean
engineering perspective is essential and timely.