surface environment is the natural outgassing of it from the earth's crust through volcanoes and evaporation of the
oceans.
Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals, for it can cause energy deficiency in brain cells and disorders in
the transmission of nerve impulses,1 and its toxicity strongly depends on its oxidation state;2,3 its most toxic form is the
highly reactive Hg(II).
Contamination of mercury can be much more widespread than that observed with other metals due to atmospheric transport 4,5 or bio magnification through the food chain, which reaches fish and humans.
6,7 It is evident that the removal of mercury ions from water and wastewater is very important.
The different technologies that can accom-plish this task include chemical precipitation, coagulation,ion exchange, membrane technologies, and adsorption.
8-10 The latter is by far the most versatile and widely used, and activated carbon is the most commonly used adsorbent.
However, the large-scale use of activated carbon is expensive, so there has
surface environment is the natural outgassing of it from the earth's crust through volcanoes and evaporation of theoceans. Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals, for it can cause energy deficiency in brain cells and disorders inthe transmission of nerve impulses,1 and its toxicity strongly depends on its oxidation state;2,3 its most toxic form is thehighly reactive Hg(II).Contamination of mercury can be much more widespread than that observed with other metals due to atmospheric transport 4,5 or bio magnification through the food chain, which reaches fish and humans.6,7 It is evident that the removal of mercury ions from water and wastewater is very important. The different technologies that can accom-plish this task include chemical precipitation, coagulation,ion exchange, membrane technologies, and adsorption.8-10 The latter is by far the most versatile and widely used, and activated carbon is the most commonly used adsorbent.However, the large-scale use of activated carbon is expensive, so there has
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