Most modern engines use some form of forged steel connecting rod for its balance of strength, durability, and weight. Most designs leave much room for improvement from their design to method of manufacture to even the bolts that hold the big end of the connecting rod onto the crankshaft. Most modern connecting rods are manufactured using “cracked cap” technology, making rebuilding these connecting rods nearly impossible. On the small end, better known as the side with the wrist pin, most rods are bushed with some sort of bushing, typically brass. Wrist pins vary in materials used, thicknesses, and style- some are thin-wall, some thick, and others tapered. In most cases, a tool steel, like H11, is used for the wrist pin. Now when it comes to holding the pin in floating pin setups, there are all kinds of keeper including wire-loc, spiro-loc, tru-arc, and even teflon and aluminum buttons, which are typically used in applications where the engine comes apart rather frequently, allowing for ease of disassembly.