Traditional operating systems—the systems we have discussed in this text so far—typically provide only best-effort service and rely on overprovisioning; that is, they simply assume that the total amount of resources available will tend to be larger than a worst-case workload would demand. If demand exceeds resource capacity, manual intervention must take place, and a process (or several processes) must be removed from the system. However next-generation multimedia systems cannot make such assumptions. These systems must provide continuous-media applications with the guarantees made possible by hard QoS. Therefore, in the remainder of this discussion, when we refer to QoS, we mean hard QoS. Next, we explore various techniques that enable multimedia systems to provide such service-level guarantees.