• Reality therapy is most ethically and effectively practiced in a multi-cultural setting when its principles and procedures are adapted to the individual client.
• Because of the need for adaptation, reality therapy should not be viewed as a rigid and closed system that is applied in the same manner to everyone or to every cultures groups, but as an open system that allows for flexibility in application.
• The skill in this adaptation process requires more than knowing the concepts and procedures of reality therapy. It requires an understanding of how to apply these principles and procedures ti the client’s culture and worldview.
Wubbolding’s experience in conducting reality-therapy workshops in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, India, and Europe has taught him about the difficulty of making generalization about other cultures. Based on these experiences, Wubbolding (1990b) adapted the cycle of counseling to working with Japanese clients. He points to some basic language differences between the Japanese and Western cultures. North Americans are inclined to say what they mean, to be assertive, and to be clear and direct in asking for what they want. In Japanese culture, assertive language is not appropriate between a child and parents or between an employee and a supervisor. Ways of communicating are more indirect. Because of indirect style, some of the following specific adaptations are needed to make the practice of reality therapy relevant to Japanese clients.
• It is not necessary to have clients verbally define their specific wants or express their goals. Also, the reality therapist’s tendency to ask direct questions may need to be softened, and questions could be posed more elaborately and indirectly. Confrontation will be used to a much lesser degree.
• There is no exact translation for the word plan, nor is there an exact word for the term accountability, yet both of these are key dimensions in the practice of reality therapy.
• As counselors present dimensions such as wants of the client, the evaluation process, making plans, and committing to them, it is useful to employ a more indirect style of communication than is typically practiced in the Western version of reality therapy. For example, in working with Western clients, counselors would not settle for a response of “I’ll try.” In the Japanese culture, however, the counselor is likely to accept an “I’ll try” as a firm commitment.
These are but a few illustrations of ways in which reality therapy might be adapted to non-Western clients. Although reality therapy assumes that all people have the basic needs (survival, belonging, power, fun, and freedom) the ways in which these needs are expressed depend largely on the cultural context. What is essential is that in working with culturally diverse clients, group leaders allow latitude for a diverse range of acceptable behaviors to satisfy these needs.
Now, let's focus on some of the broader applications of the core concepts of reality therapy from a multicultural perspective. One of these key themes is helping a wide range of clients with diverse backgrounds evaluate for themselves whether their wants are realistic whether their behavior is helping them. Once they have made this assessment, they can make realistic plans that are consistent with their cultural values. This focus clearly empowers clients. It is a sign of respect that the group leader refrains from deciding what behavior should be changed. Through skillful and sensitive questioning, the leader can help clients determine the degree to which they have acculturated into the dominant society. They can then make a personal assessment of the degree to which their wants and needs are being satisfied by having made this decision. It is possible for them to find their own balance of retaining their ethnic and cultural identity and at the same time integrating some of the values and practices of the dominant group. Again, them to arrive at their own answers based on their own value system.
Practitioners who lead groups composed of culturally diverse members may find such clients reluctant to share their feelings during the early phase of the group. Because of their cultural values, some clients are likely to react more positively and to cooperate to a greater degree if the focus is on what they are doing and wanting, rather than on what they are feeling. For example, some clients may be example, some clients may be experiencing depression and anxiety, and they may hope to gain relief from these symptoms by being in a group. Thinking of these symptoms from a reality-therapy perspective, the leader could guide the members to look at what they are doing (or not doing) that is contributing to their emotional state. There is no pressure to experience a catharsis and to do emotional work within the group. Yet members eventually realize that they are "depressing" and "anxietying," rather than having these things simply happen to them. Once they realize that certain behaviors are not functional for their purposes, they are in a better position to make changes that will lead to different outcomes.
As is true for the cognitive-behavioral approaches, reality therapy often works with contracts. In this way the group members eventually specify particular problems that are causing them difficulty and that they would like to explore in the group. Thus, group counseling is typically cast in the framework of a teaching /learning process, which appeals to many non-Euro-American clients. There is a specific focus---namely, a certain behavioral pattern that becomes the target for intervention. The reality-therapy leader is interested in helping members discover better ways to meet their needs. To its credit, this approach provides group members with tools for making the desired changes, especially during the planning phase. With the support and help of other members and the group leader, clients can be assisted in taking specific steps to move the external world closer to the inner world of their wants. If their plans do not always meet with success in everyday reality, these members can then bring concrete situations back to the groupsessions. This type of specificity and the direction that is provided by an effective plan, are certainly assets in working with minority clients in groups
One of the limitations of using reality-therapy principles with ethnic minorities, Gary and lesbians and women is that these clients may not feel that this approach takes into account, some very real environmental forces that are operating against them in everyday life. For example, discrimination room, racism, sexism, homophobia, ageism, and negative attitudes toward disabilities are unfortunate realities, and these forces do limit many minority clients in getting what theylwant from life. If the group leader does net accept these environmental restrictions or is not interested in social change as well as individual change, members are likely to feel misunderstood There is a danger that some reality therapists may overstretch the ability of these clients to take charge of their life. Such clients may interpret the group leader's line of questioning as "If you try hard enough, you can pull yourself up by your bootstraps and become anything you choose." Group members who get such messages may prematurely leave the group in the belief that leader and other members are not fully appreciating their everyday struggles. Rather than being a fault of the reality-therapy approach, this is more a limitation of some who practice it.
Where to Go from Here
The programs offered by the Institute for Reality Therapy are designed to teach the concepts of control theory and the practice of reality therapy. The institute offers a certification process, which starts with a one-week intensive seminar in which participants become involved in discussions, demonstrations, and role playing. For those wishing to pursue certification in reality therapy, a supervised practicum is arranged to best meet the needs of each trainee. There is also a second intensive week and a second practicum. The basic and the advanced practicum each entail a minimum of 30 hours over least a six-month period. For further information about these training programs, contact either of these two organization:
Institute for Reality Therapy
Dr. William Glasser, President
7301 Medical Center Drive, Suite 407
Canoga Park, CA 91307
Telephone: (818) 888-0688
Center For Reality Therapy
Dr. Robert E. Wubbolding, Director
777 Motgomery Road
Cincinnati, OH 45236-4258
Telephone: (513) 561-1911
A useful videotape, Using Reality Therapy in Group Counseling, has been prepared by Robert Wubbolding. The first part of this two-hour video consists of an explanation of the basic concepts of control theory ands of the stages involved in a reality-therapy group. The second part is a demonstration of group, eith a commentary from the perspective of a practicing reality therapist. This tape is available by contacting Wubbolding at the Center for Reality Therapy, at the address given above.
RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTARY REDINGS
Glasser has written little on group counseling; hoeever, the principles and concepts discussed in the following books easily translate to group work.
Control Theory; A New Explanation of How We Control Our Live (Glasser, 1985) is the one book that I would recommend most highly. In this popular and easy-to-read book, Glasser discusses how we can choose to change our action and thus gain better control of our feeling and thoughts and live healthier and more productive lives. Other interasing topics that he explores include choosing misery, craziness and responsibility, psychosomatic illness as a creative process, addicting drugs, taking control of our health, and how to start using control theory.
Using Reality Therapy (Wubbolding, 1988) extends the principles of reality therapy by p
• Reality therapy is most ethically and effectively practiced in a multi-cultural setting when its principles and procedures are adapted to the individual client.• Because of the need for adaptation, reality therapy should not be viewed as a rigid and closed system that is applied in the same manner to everyone or to every cultures groups, but as an open system that allows for flexibility in application.• The skill in this adaptation process requires more than knowing the concepts and procedures of reality therapy. It requires an understanding of how to apply these principles and procedures ti the client’s culture and worldview.Wubbolding’s experience in conducting reality-therapy workshops in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, India, and Europe has taught him about the difficulty of making generalization about other cultures. Based on these experiences, Wubbolding (1990b) adapted the cycle of counseling to working with Japanese clients. He points to some basic language differences between the Japanese and Western cultures. North Americans are inclined to say what they mean, to be assertive, and to be clear and direct in asking for what they want. In Japanese culture, assertive language is not appropriate between a child and parents or between an employee and a supervisor. Ways of communicating are more indirect. Because of indirect style, some of the following specific adaptations are needed to make the practice of reality therapy relevant to Japanese clients.•ไม่จำเป็นต้องมีลูกค้ากำหนดความต้องการเฉพาะวาจา หรือแสดงเป้าหมายของพวกเขา ยัง แนวโน้มของผู้บำบัดจริงถามคำถามโดยตรงอาจต้องมีก่อ และอาจเกิดคำถามพิถีพิถันมากขึ้น และทางอ้อม จะใช้การเผชิญหน้าระดับที่น้อยมาก•มีคือ แปลไม่แน่นอนสำหรับแผนคำ ไม่มีคำที่แน่นอนสำหรับความรับผิดชอบระยะ ได้ทั้งสองเหล่านี้เป็นมิติที่สำคัญในทางปฏิบัติจริงการรักษาด้วย•เป็นที่ปรึกษานำเสนอมิติเช่นต้องการของลูกค้า การประเมิน แผน และการยอมรับ ให้ใช้สอยแบบขึ้นทางอ้อมของการสื่อสารมากกว่าปกติที่มีประสบการณ์ในการรักษาจริงรุ่นตะวันตก ตัวอย่าง ในการทำงานกับลูกค้าตะวันตก ปรึกษาจะไม่จับคู่การตอบสนองของ "ฉันจะได้" ในวัฒนธรรมญี่ปุ่น อย่างไรก็ตาม ที่ปรึกษาจะยอมรับผิด "จะพยายาม" เป็นความมุ่งมั่นของบริษัทมี แต่ภาพประกอบไม่กี่วิธีในการรักษาจริงอาจดัดแปลงเพื่อลูกค้าไม่ใช่ตะวันตก แม้ว่าจะรักษาความเป็นจริงถือว่า ทุกคนมีความต้องการพื้นฐาน (รอด เป็นสมาชิก พลังงาน ความสนุก และเสรีภาพ) วิธีการในการแสดงความต้องการเหล่านี้ขึ้นอยู่กับบริบททางวัฒนธรรมเป็นส่วนใหญ่ สิ่งสำคัญคือ ว่า ในการทำงานกับลูกค้ามีความหลากหลายทางวัฒนธรรม ผู้นำกลุ่มให้ละติจูดสำหรับหลากหลายของพฤติกรรมที่ยอมรับได้เพื่อตอบสนองความต้องการเหล่านี้ ตอนนี้ ลองเน้นบางโปรแกรมประยุกต์ที่กว้างขึ้นของแนวคิดหลักของการรักษาด้วยความจริงจากมุมมองวัฒนธรรมนานาชาติ ชุดรูปแบบคีย์เหล่านี้อย่างใดอย่างหนึ่งคือช่วยหลากหลายของลูกค้าที่มีภูมิหลังประเมินเองว่าต้องการความเป็นจริงว่าลักษณะการทำงานจะช่วยให้พวกเขา เมื่อพวกเขาได้ทำการประเมินนี้ พวกเขาสามารถทำแผนจริงที่สอดคล้องกับค่านิยมทางวัฒนธรรมของพวกเขา นี้ทุกลูกค้าอย่างชัดเจน ความเคารพที่ผู้นำกลุ่ม refrains จากตัดสินใจทำอะไรควรจะเปลี่ยน ได้ ผ่านฝีมือ และที่สำคัญสงสัย ผู้นำสามารถช่วยลูกค้าในการกำหนดระดับที่พวกเขามี acculturated ในสังคมหลัก พวกเขาสามารถทำการประเมินบุคคลของระดับที่ต้องการและความต้องการของพวกเขาจะพอใจ โดยมีทำการตัดสินใจนี้ สามารถค้นหาสมดุลของตนเองรักษาลักษณะเฉพาะของเชื้อชาติ และวัฒนธรรม และ ในเวลาเดียวกันรวมบางค่าและการปฏิบัติของกลุ่มหลักได้ อีกครั้ง พวกเขาสู่คำตอบของตนเองตามระบบของตัวเองค่า Practitioners who lead groups composed of culturally diverse members may find such clients reluctant to share their feelings during the early phase of the group. Because of their cultural values, some clients are likely to react more positively and to cooperate to a greater degree if the focus is on what they are doing and wanting, rather than on what they are feeling. For example, some clients may be example, some clients may be experiencing depression and anxiety, and they may hope to gain relief from these symptoms by being in a group. Thinking of these symptoms from a reality-therapy perspective, the leader could guide the members to look at what they are doing (or not doing) that is contributing to their emotional state. There is no pressure to experience a catharsis and to do emotional work within the group. Yet members eventually realize that they are "depressing" and "anxietying," rather than having these things simply happen to them. Once they realize that certain behaviors are not functional for their purposes, they are in a better position to make changes that will lead to different outcomes. As is true for the cognitive-behavioral approaches, reality therapy often works with contracts. In this way the group members eventually specify particular problems that are causing them difficulty and that they would like to explore in the group. Thus, group counseling is typically cast in the framework of a teaching /learning process, which appeals to many non-Euro-American clients. There is a specific focus---namely, a certain behavioral pattern that becomes the target for intervention. The reality-therapy leader is interested in helping members discover better ways to meet their needs. To its credit, this approach provides group members with tools for making the desired changes, especially during the planning phase. With the support and help of other members and the group leader, clients can be assisted in taking specific steps to move the external world closer to the inner world of their wants. If their plans do not always meet with success in everyday reality, these members can then bring concrete situations back to the groupsessions. This type of specificity and the direction that is provided by an effective plan, are certainly assets in working with minority clients in groups One of the limitations of using reality-therapy principles with ethnic minorities, Gary and lesbians and women is that these clients may not feel that this approach takes into account, some very real environmental forces that are operating against them in everyday life. For example, discrimination room, racism, sexism, homophobia, ageism, and negative attitudes toward disabilities are unfortunate realities, and these forces do limit many minority clients in getting what theylwant from life. If the group leader does net accept these environmental restrictions or is not interested in social change as well as individual change, members are likely to feel misunderstood There is a danger that some reality therapists may overstretch the ability of these clients to take charge of their life. Such clients may interpret the group leader's line of questioning as "If you try hard enough, you can pull yourself up by your bootstraps and become anything you choose." Group members who get such messages may prematurely leave the group in the belief that leader and other members are not fully appreciating their everyday struggles. Rather than being a fault of the reality-therapy approach, this is more a limitation of some who practice it. Where to Go from HereThe programs offered by the Institute for Reality Therapy are designed to teach the concepts of control theory and the practice of reality therapy. The institute offers a certification process, which starts with a one-week intensive seminar in which participants become involved in discussions, demonstrations, and role playing. For those wishing to pursue certification in reality therapy, a supervised practicum is arranged to best meet the needs of each trainee. There is also a second intensive week and a second practicum. The basic and the advanced practicum each entail a minimum of 30 hours over least a six-month period. For further information about these training programs, contact either of these two organization: Institute for Reality Therapy
Dr. William Glasser, President
7301 Medical Center Drive, Suite 407
Canoga Park, CA 91307
Telephone: (818) 888-0688
Center For Reality Therapy
Dr. Robert E. Wubbolding, Director
777 Motgomery Road
Cincinnati, OH 45236-4258
Telephone: (513) 561-1911
A useful videotape, Using Reality Therapy in Group Counseling, has been prepared by Robert Wubbolding. The first part of this two-hour video consists of an explanation of the basic concepts of control theory ands of the stages involved in a reality-therapy group. The second part is a demonstration of group, eith a commentary from the perspective of a practicing reality therapist. This tape is available by contacting Wubbolding at the Center for Reality Therapy, at the address given above.
RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTARY REDINGS
Glasser has written little on group counseling; hoeever, the principles and concepts discussed in the following books easily translate to group work.
Control Theory; A New Explanation of How We Control Our Live (Glasser, 1985) is the one book that I would recommend most highly. In this popular and easy-to-read book, Glasser discusses how we can choose to change our action and thus gain better control of our feeling and thoughts and live healthier and more productive lives. Other interasing topics that he explores include choosing misery, craziness and responsibility, psychosomatic illness as a creative process, addicting drugs, taking control of our health, and how to start using control theory.
Using Reality Therapy (Wubbolding, 1988) extends the principles of reality therapy by p
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