Directors' Duties provisions allow directors to consider constituencies other than shareholders when considering a merger. These constituencies may include, for example, employees, host communities, or suppliers. This provision provides boards of directors with a legal basis for rejecting a takeover that would have been beneficial to shareholders. Thirty-one states have Directors' Duties laws allowing similar expansions of constituencies, but in only two of these states (Indiana and Pennsylvania) are the
laws explicit that the claims of shareholders should not be held above those of other stakeholders [Pinnell 2000]. We treat firms in these two states as though they had an expanded directors'duty provision unless the firm has explicitly opted out of coverage
under the law.
Fair-Price provisions limit the range of prices a bidder can pay in two-tier offers. They typically require a bidder to pay to all shareholders the highest price paid to any during a specified period of time before the commencement of a tender offer, and do
not apply if the deal is approved by the board of directors or a supermajority of the target's shareholders. The goal of this provision is to prevent pressure on the target's shareholders to tender their shares in the front end of a two-tiered tender offer,and they have the result of making such an acquisition more expensive. Also, 25 states had Fair-Price laws in place in 1990,and two more states passed such laws in 1991. The laws work similarly to the firm-level provisions.
Golden Parachutes are severance agreements that provide cash and noncash compensation to senior executives upon an event such as termination, demotion, or resignation following a change in control. They do not require shareholder approval. While such payments would appear to deter takeovers by increasing their costs, one could argue that these parachutes also ease the passage of mergers through contractual compensation to the managers of the target company [Lambert and Larcker 1985]. While the net impact on managerial entrenchment and share holder wealth is ambiguous, the more important effect is the clear decrease in shareholder rights. In this case, the "right" is the
ability of a controlling shareholder to fire management without incurring an additional cost. Golden Parachutes are highly correlated with all the other takeover defenses. Out of 21 pairwise correlations with the other firm-level provisions, 15 are positive,
10 of these positive correlations are significant, and only one of the negative correlations is significant. Thus, we treat Golden Parachutes as a restriction of shareholder rights.
Director Indemnification uses the bylaws, charter, or both to indemnify officers and directors from certain legal expenses and judgments resulting from lawsuits pertaining to their conduct. Some firms have both this "Indemnification" in their bylaws or charter and additional indemnification "Contracts." The cost of such protection can be used as a market measure of the quality of corporate governance [Core 1997, 2000].
Limitations on director Liability are charter amendments that limit directors' personal liability to the extent allowed by state law. They often eliminate personal liability for breaches of the duty of care, but not for breaches of the duty of loyalty or for
acts of intentional misconduct or knowing violation of the law.
Pension Parachutes prevent an acquirer from using surplus cash in the pension fund of the target to finance an acquisition. Surplus funds are required to remain the property of the pension fund and to be used for plan participants' benefits. Poison Pills provide their holders with special rights in the case of a triggering event such as a hostile takeover bid. If a deal is approved by the board of directors, the poison pill can be revoked, but if the deal is not approved and the bidder proceeds, the pill is triggered. Typical poison pills give the holders of the target's stock other than the bidder the right to purchase stock in the target or the bidder's company at a steep discount, making the target unattractive or diluting the acquirer's voting power.
Poison pills are a crucial component of the "delay" strategy at the core of modern defensive tactics. Nevertheless, we do not include poison pills in the Delay group of provisions, but include it in the Other group because the pill itself can be passed on less than one-day's notice, so it need not be in place for the other Delay provisions to be effective. The other provisions in this group require a shareholder vote, so they cannot be passed on short notice. See Coates [2000] and Daines and Klausner [2001] for a
discussion of this point.
บทบัญญัติหน้าที่ของกรรมการบริษัทให้กรรมการพิจารณาชุมชนนอกเหนือจากผู้ถือหุ้นพิจารณาการควบรวมกิจการ ชุมชนเหล่านี้อาจรวมถึง เช่น พนักงาน ชุมชนโฮสต์ หรือจำหน่าย บทบัญญัตินี้ทางบอร์ดของกรรมการที่มีพื้นฐานทางกฎหมายสำหรับการปฏิเสธการ takeover ที่มีประโยชน์ต่อผู้ถือหุ้น สามสิบหนึ่งอเมริกามีกฎหมายหน้าที่กรรมการให้ขยายคล้ายของชุมชน แต่ในอเมริกาเหล่านี้ (อินดีแอนาและรัฐเพนซิลวาเนีย) เพียงสองตัวกฎหมายชัดเจนว่า การเรียกร้องสิทธิของผู้ถือหุ้นไม่ควรจัดข้างของเสีย [Pinnell 2000] เราถือว่าบริษัทในอเมริกาที่สองเหล่านี้ว่าพวกเขามีเงินสำรองการขยาย directors'duty เว้นแต่บริษัทได้ตกลงยินยอมอย่างชัดแจ้งจากความครอบคลุมภายใต้กฎหมาย ราคายุติธรรมบทบัญญัติจำกัดช่วงของราคาที่ผู้ชนะการประมูลสามารถชำระเงินในแบบสองระดับ พวกเขาจะต้องประมูลเพื่อจ่ายให้ผู้ถือหุ้นทั้งหมดราคาสูงสุดจ่ายใด ๆ ในช่วงระยะเวลาก่อนที่เริ่มดำเนินการกับทรัพย์ และทำไม่ใช้ถ้าการจัดการได้รับอนุมัติจากคณะกรรมการหรือ supermajority ของผู้ถือหุ้นของเป้าหมาย เป้าหมายของบทบัญญัตินี้คือเพื่อ ป้องกันไม่ให้ความดันในผู้ถือหุ้นเป้าหมายปลายด้านหน้าของชั้นที่สองมีเงินหุ้นการชำระเงิน และมีผลทำให้การซื้อมีราคาแพงมาก ยัง 25 รัฐมีกฎหมายราคายุติธรรมที่ในปี 1990 และอเมริกาเพิ่มเติมสองผ่านกฎหมายดังกล่าวในปีพ.ศ. 2534 กฎหมายทำงานทำนองเดียวกับบทบัญญัติบริษัทระดับGolden Parachutes are severance agreements that provide cash and noncash compensation to senior executives upon an event such as termination, demotion, or resignation following a change in control. They do not require shareholder approval. While such payments would appear to deter takeovers by increasing their costs, one could argue that these parachutes also ease the passage of mergers through contractual compensation to the managers of the target company [Lambert and Larcker 1985]. While the net impact on managerial entrenchment and share holder wealth is ambiguous, the more important effect is the clear decrease in shareholder rights. In this case, the "right" is theability of a controlling shareholder to fire management without incurring an additional cost. Golden Parachutes are highly correlated with all the other takeover defenses. Out of 21 pairwise correlations with the other firm-level provisions, 15 are positive,10 of these positive correlations are significant, and only one of the negative correlations is significant. Thus, we treat Golden Parachutes as a restriction of shareholder rights.Director Indemnification uses the bylaws, charter, or both to indemnify officers and directors from certain legal expenses and judgments resulting from lawsuits pertaining to their conduct. Some firms have both this "Indemnification" in their bylaws or charter and additional indemnification "Contracts." The cost of such protection can be used as a market measure of the quality of corporate governance [Core 1997, 2000].Limitations on director Liability are charter amendments that limit directors' personal liability to the extent allowed by state law. They often eliminate personal liability for breaches of the duty of care, but not for breaches of the duty of loyalty or foracts of intentional misconduct or knowing violation of the law.Pension Parachutes prevent an acquirer from using surplus cash in the pension fund of the target to finance an acquisition. Surplus funds are required to remain the property of the pension fund and to be used for plan participants' benefits. Poison Pills provide their holders with special rights in the case of a triggering event such as a hostile takeover bid. If a deal is approved by the board of directors, the poison pill can be revoked, but if the deal is not approved and the bidder proceeds, the pill is triggered. Typical poison pills give the holders of the target's stock other than the bidder the right to purchase stock in the target or the bidder's company at a steep discount, making the target unattractive or diluting the acquirer's voting power.Poison pills are a crucial component of the "delay" strategy at the core of modern defensive tactics. Nevertheless, we do not include poison pills in the Delay group of provisions, but include it in the Other group because the pill itself can be passed on less than one-day's notice, so it need not be in place for the other Delay provisions to be effective. The other provisions in this group require a shareholder vote, so they cannot be passed on short notice. See Coates [2000] and Daines and Klausner [2001] for adiscussion of this point.
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