communication links (e.g. modems, fiber optic networks, etc).
Initial work has incorporated a frequency shift key (FSK)
modem to transmit control signals between components. The
second approach is a generic communication link model
incorporating bandwidth and latency which are the two most
inherent properties for smart grid communication as discussed
in [13]. The initial model incorporates a variable time-delay to
the data sent over a communication link. This allows variation
of the time-delay to model constant or variable latency in data
transmission. Work is ongoing to develop time-delay based
models to represent specific communication hardware and
protocols. However, the initial time-delay model can be used
to study the effects of latency on wide area control techniques
and other smart grid functions.