Access to the Amazon region (and ease of transportation within the region) has historically been a major
factor associated with human presence, as described by Machado (1999). Until the fifties, occupation in the
Amazon region was limited to the coastal zone and riverside areas along the main navigable rivers and a few
“terra firme” areas (Costa 1997). The economy was based on extractive activities, especially on rubber
extraction. In the recent Amazon colonization process, the first roads, along with the construction of the new
Brazilian capital, the city of Brasília, under the Juscelino Kubischeck government (1955-1960) signaled the
beginning of state intervention in the region with the National Development Plan (PDN). Migratory flow and
farmers had already been established for 10 years along Belém-Brasília road (1960) when the Amazon
Operation (1966) and the National Integration Plan (PIN, in 1970) were implemented. Infrastructure such as
roads, an electricity power network and even natural resources inventories (RADAMBRASIL) were provided
from public funds in the seventies to stimulate migration and capital flow for the new Amazon frontiers.
Lands up to 100 km distant from federal roads were allocated to small farm colonization settlement projects
(Costa 1997). The urbanization process also intensified following the regional colonization projects and
infrastructure investments, which brought migrants from the southern and northeastern regions and changed
the spatial occupation pattern. The riverine settlements were overlapped and marginalized by the new
circulation axis that emerged from “terra firme” roads and villages (Godfrey and Browder 1996). From 1991
to 1996, new municipalities were created, and the population became concentrated in urban nuclei of about
20,000 inhabitants. As a result, urban nuclei were concentrated along rivers and roads axes. Becker (1998)
more fully discusses the Amazon colonization process
Access to the Amazon region (and ease of transportation within the region) has historically been a major
factor associated with human presence, as described by Machado (1999). Until the fifties, occupation in the
Amazon region was limited to the coastal zone and riverside areas along the main navigable rivers and a few
“terra firme” areas (Costa 1997). The economy was based on extractive activities, especially on rubber
extraction. In the recent Amazon colonization process, the first roads, along with the construction of the new
Brazilian capital, the city of Brasília, under the Juscelino Kubischeck government (1955-1960) signaled the
beginning of state intervention in the region with the National Development Plan (PDN). Migratory flow and
farmers had already been established for 10 years along Belém-Brasília road (1960) when the Amazon
Operation (1966) and the National Integration Plan (PIN, in 1970) were implemented. Infrastructure such as
roads, an electricity power network and even natural resources inventories (RADAMBRASIL) were provided
from public funds in the seventies to stimulate migration and capital flow for the new Amazon frontiers.
Lands up to 100 km distant from federal roads were allocated to small farm colonization settlement projects
(Costa 1997). The urbanization process also intensified following the regional colonization projects and
infrastructure investments, which brought migrants from the southern and northeastern regions and changed
the spatial occupation pattern. The riverine settlements were overlapped and marginalized by the new
circulation axis that emerged from “terra firme” roads and villages (Godfrey and Browder 1996). From 1991
to 1996, new municipalities were created, and the population became concentrated in urban nuclei of about
20,000 inhabitants. As a result, urban nuclei were concentrated along rivers and roads axes. Becker (1998)
more fully discusses the Amazon colonization process
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