Motivation – Basic concepts and theories
According to Arnold, there are 3 components of motivation:
direction – what a person is trying to do
effort – how hard a person is trying
persistence – how long a person keeps on trying
Direction might point the way, but effort is what establishes momentum, and persistence determines how far the change is carried (in time as well as in magnitude of outcome). (from Client-centered Direction) Hence, Arnold’s 3 components are suitable to describe the level of motivation a person or a team shows. This concept does not give any reasons for motivation.
Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:
Intrinsic – self generated factors (responsibility, freedom to act, scope to use and develop skills and abilities, interesting and challenging work, opportunities for advancement) – they have a deeper and longer-term effect
Extrinsic - what is done for people to motivate them (rewards, promotion, punishment) – they have an immediate and powerful effect, but won’t necessarily last long
Most influential is the Needs (content) Theory
All Needs theories focus on specific needs people want to satisfy. There are several theories that explain motivation as a result of these needs.
The underlying concept is the belief that an unsatisfied need creates tension and a state of disequilibrium. To restore balance, a goal is identified that will satisfy the need and a behavior pathway to this goal is selected.
People will be better motivated if their work experience satisfies their needs and wants.
Maslows hierarchy of needs
The five needs exist in a hierarchy. Higher needs only become important when lower needs are satisfied
Higher-order needs provide greater motivation.
Different people may have different priorities.
The theory helps managers to identify which particular needs are relevant for employees and thus to determine appropriate motivators.
Relatedness needs – transactions with human environment, process of sharing or mutuality; need for interpersonal relationships and attention; is about equivalent to Maslows social needs and part of the esteem needs
Growth needs – people make creative or productive efforts for themselves; need for personal growth and self-development; part of Maslows esteem needs and self-fulfillment needs
Goal theory
By Latham and Locke
Motivation and performance are higher when individuals are set specific goals
Goals have to be difficult but accepted
Feedback on performance allows the individual to track how well he or she is doing in relation to the goal
Participation in goal setting is important – goals need to be agreed
As long as they are accepted – demanding goals lead to better performance than easy goals
Motivation – Basic concepts and theoriesAccording to Arnold, there are 3 components of motivation:direction – what a person is trying to doeffort – how hard a person is tryingpersistence – how long a person keeps on tryingDirection might point the way, but effort is what establishes momentum, and persistence determines how far the change is carried (in time as well as in magnitude of outcome). (from Client-centered Direction) Hence, Arnold’s 3 components are suitable to describe the level of motivation a person or a team shows. This concept does not give any reasons for motivation.Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:Intrinsic – self generated factors (responsibility, freedom to act, scope to use and develop skills and abilities, interesting and challenging work, opportunities for advancement) – they have a deeper and longer-term effect Extrinsic - what is done for people to motivate them (rewards, promotion, punishment) – they have an immediate and powerful effect, but won’t necessarily last longMost influential is the Needs (content) TheoryAll Needs theories focus on specific needs people want to satisfy. There are several theories that explain motivation as a result of these needs. The underlying concept is the belief that an unsatisfied need creates tension and a state of disequilibrium. To restore balance, a goal is identified that will satisfy the need and a behavior pathway to this goal is selected. คนจะดีกว่าแรงจูงใจ ถ้าประสบการณ์ทำงานตรงตามความต้องการ Maslows ลำดับชั้นของความต้องการความต้องการห้าอยู่ในลำดับชั้น สูงต้องเท่านั้นเป็นสิ่งสำคัญเมื่อความต้องการต่ำกว่าพอใจขั้นสูงต้องให้แรงจูงใจมากขึ้นคนอาจมีความแตกต่างกันทฤษฎีช่วยให้การระบุความต้องการเฉพาะที่จะเกี่ยวข้อง สำหรับพนักงาน และทำการกำหนด motivators ที่เหมาะสมRelatedness ต้อง – ธุรกรรมที่ มีสภาพแวดล้อมที่มนุษย์ กระบวนการของการใช้ร่วมกันหรือ mutuality ต้องการความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างบุคคลและความสนใจ กำลังเทียบเท่ากับ Maslows ความต้องการทางสังคมและเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของความต้องการเห็นคุณค่า ความต้องการเจริญเติบโต – คนพยายามสร้างสรรค์ หรือผลิตเอง จำเป็นสำหรับการเจริญเติบโตส่วนบุคคลและสวัสดี ต้องเห็นคุณค่า Maslows และ self-fulfillment ต้องทฤษฎีเป้าหมายโดย Latham และล็อกแรงจูงใจและประสิทธิภาพสูงขึ้นเมื่อบุคคลมีกำหนดเป้าหมายเฉพาะเป้าหมายจะต้องยาก แต่ยอมรับความคิดเห็นเกี่ยวกับประสิทธิภาพช่วยให้บุคคลสามารถติดตามวิธีการที่ดีก็จะทำในความสัมพันธ์กับเป้าหมายมีส่วนร่วมในการกำหนดเป้าหมายเป็นสิ่งสำคัญ – เป้าหมายจำเป็นต้องมีการตกลงกันตราบใดที่พวกเขาจะต้อง – ยอมรับ เป้าหมายนำไปสู่ประสิทธิภาพที่ดีกว่าเป้าหมายที่ง่าย
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Motivation – Basic concepts and theories
According to Arnold, there are 3 components of motivation:
direction – what a person is trying to do
effort – how hard a person is trying
persistence – how long a person keeps on trying
Direction might point the way, but effort is what establishes momentum, and persistence determines how far the change is carried (in time as well as in magnitude of outcome). (from Client-centered Direction) Hence, Arnold’s 3 components are suitable to describe the level of motivation a person or a team shows. This concept does not give any reasons for motivation.
Furthermore, literature distinguishes 2 types of factors that influence motivation:
Intrinsic – self generated factors (responsibility, freedom to act, scope to use and develop skills and abilities, interesting and challenging work, opportunities for advancement) – they have a deeper and longer-term effect
Extrinsic - what is done for people to motivate them (rewards, promotion, punishment) – they have an immediate and powerful effect, but won’t necessarily last long
Most influential is the Needs (content) Theory
All Needs theories focus on specific needs people want to satisfy. There are several theories that explain motivation as a result of these needs.
The underlying concept is the belief that an unsatisfied need creates tension and a state of disequilibrium. To restore balance, a goal is identified that will satisfy the need and a behavior pathway to this goal is selected.
People will be better motivated if their work experience satisfies their needs and wants.
Maslows hierarchy of needs
The five needs exist in a hierarchy. Higher needs only become important when lower needs are satisfied
Higher-order needs provide greater motivation.
Different people may have different priorities.
The theory helps managers to identify which particular needs are relevant for employees and thus to determine appropriate motivators.
Relatedness needs – transactions with human environment, process of sharing or mutuality; need for interpersonal relationships and attention; is about equivalent to Maslows social needs and part of the esteem needs
Growth needs – people make creative or productive efforts for themselves; need for personal growth and self-development; part of Maslows esteem needs and self-fulfillment needs
Goal theory
By Latham and Locke
Motivation and performance are higher when individuals are set specific goals
Goals have to be difficult but accepted
Feedback on performance allows the individual to track how well he or she is doing in relation to the goal
Participation in goal setting is important – goals need to be agreed
As long as they are accepted – demanding goals lead to better performance than easy goals
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