MEANS OF MOVEMENT AND DISPERSAL
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Natural Dispersal
The fungus spreads readily between adjacent Platanus trees via root grafts (Accordi, 1986). It may also infect Platanus trees through wounds in the roots (Vigouroux and Stojadinovic, 1990). Mangifera trees may be infected through the roots from soilborne inoculum (Rossetto and Ribeiro, 1990), and root crops such as Ipomoea are commonly infected through wounds made by insects and rodents (Clark and Moyer, 1988). Ascopores are probably spread naturally by insects and are not likely to be airborne. Airborne dispersal of conidia is also not likely, except in insect frass. Rainsplash dispersal of conidia has not been documented.