At a more substantive level, the relationship has been observed after controlling for hostility and antisocial behavior (e.g. Leonard & Senchak 1993; Reider et al. 1988), normative views of aggression (Kaufman Kantor & Straus 1990) and drug problems (Pan et al. 1994). In addition, most of these studies also controlled for marital satisfaction, relationships discord or similar variables and continued to find a significant relationship between alcohol and marital violence (e.g. Leonard & Senchak 1993; McKenry, Julian, & Gavazzi 1995; see Leonard 2001 for a review). Moreover, there have been several longitudinal studies that have reported that drinking patterns are longitudinally predictive of subsequent domestic violence (Leonard & Senchak 1996; Leonard & Quigley 1999). These studies, in fact, controlled for previous domestic violence. Clearly, there is the need for further examination of third variables. However, at present the research suggests that third variables do not account for the entire association between heavy drinking patterns and domestic violence, although they do account for some of the association.