These include solid phase
extraction (SPE), solvent extraction, coprecipitation, and voltammetry method. For a simple
elemental speciation, for example, different oxidation state
of a given element, non-chromatographic separation
approaches, especially the novel separation methods such
as capillary microextraction (CME), cloud point
extraction (CPE), liquid phase microextraction, and
so on, can be fully applied and some drawbacks inherent in
chromatographic separations can be overcome