3. Mechanisms of stress response and adaptation in C.
botulinum
The recent development of an effective genetic manipulation
toolkit for C. botulinum [46e48] has allowed characterization
of several genetic mechanisms hypothesized to be stressrelated.
However, most of these mechanisms have been identified
and characterized in a Group I type A strain ATCC 3502,
the genome sequence of which was the very first C. botulinum
genome to become available [49]. The first reports on stress