Preliminary phase
Students are presented with cognitive conflict events to uncover the existence of an
alternative framework to the concepts presented. It aims to explore the conceptual
knowledge of students.
Focus phase Alternative framework is examined through student’s discussion either in groups or
individually.
Challenge Phase Students’ alternative framework is challenged through inquiry activities until the
students become aware of the alternative framework and thus they form another
alternative framework to correct scientific concepts. Through these activities students
are exposed to the process of investigation to develop their procedural knowledge.
Application Phase Scientific concepts that have been built are applied in other phenomena by asking
students to perform a variety of other related experiments. It will ultimately help
increase the conceptual and procedural knowledge of students.