Reproduction
Most bacteria multiply by a process called binary fission. A single bacterial cell, the "parent," makes a copy of its DNA and grows large in size by doubling its cellular content. The doubled contents are pushed out to either end of the cell. Then a small fissure emerges at the center of the parent, eventually splitting it into two identical "daughter" cells. Some bacterial species such as cyanobacteria and firmicutes reproduce via budding. During budding, the daughter cell grows as an offshoot of the parent. It starts off as a small nub, grows until it is the same size as its parent, and splits off.
The DNA found in parents and offspring after binary fission or budding is exactly the same. Therefore bacterial cells try to introduce some variation into their genetic material by integrating additional DNA into their genome. This is known as horizontal gene transfer, and the resulting genetic variation ensures that bacteria can adapt and survive as their environment changes. There are three ways by which this occurs: transformation, transduction and conjugation.
During transformation, bacterial cells integrate short fragments of DNA from their surrounding environment. According to the authors of "Mims Medical Microbiology," these fragments may be released by nearby bacteria that have ruptured. On the other hand, transduction occurs when bacteria are infected by special viruses known as bacteriophages that can carry bacterial DNA.
Conjugation requires physical contact between two bacteria. Genetic material, usually a duplicated plasmid, will transfer from a donor to a recipient. This plasmid copy travels out through a physical extension called the pilus and enters the recipient bacterial cell. Donor bacteria contain a sequence of DNA called the F-factor that enables pilus formation. Conjugation can aid in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
ReproductionMost bacteria multiply by a process called binary fission. A single bacterial cell, the "parent," makes a copy of its DNA and grows large in size by doubling its cellular content. The doubled contents are pushed out to either end of the cell. Then a small fissure emerges at the center of the parent, eventually splitting it into two identical "daughter" cells. Some bacterial species such as cyanobacteria and firmicutes reproduce via budding. During budding, the daughter cell grows as an offshoot of the parent. It starts off as a small nub, grows until it is the same size as its parent, and splits off. The DNA found in parents and offspring after binary fission or budding is exactly the same. Therefore bacterial cells try to introduce some variation into their genetic material by integrating additional DNA into their genome. This is known as horizontal gene transfer, and the resulting genetic variation ensures that bacteria can adapt and survive as their environment changes. There are three ways by which this occurs: transformation, transduction and conjugation. During transformation, bacterial cells integrate short fragments of DNA from their surrounding environment. According to the authors of "Mims Medical Microbiology," these fragments may be released by nearby bacteria that have ruptured. On the other hand, transduction occurs when bacteria are infected by special viruses known as bacteriophages that can carry bacterial DNA.
Conjugation requires physical contact between two bacteria. Genetic material, usually a duplicated plasmid, will transfer from a donor to a recipient. This plasmid copy travels out through a physical extension called the pilus and enters the recipient bacterial cell. Donor bacteria contain a sequence of DNA called the F-factor that enables pilus formation. Conjugation can aid in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.
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