In the qualitative parent role study (Auerbach 2007) from Chapter 1. the author begins her article by citing literature to document the research problem of underrepresentation of students of color in college(see paragraphs 01-02). The purpose and research questions (paragraph 03) did not follow from the literature. Rather, the questions are general and open ended so the researcher will learn from the participants. After stating the study’s purpose, the author does present literature about two perspectives that guide this study. First, she discusses a critical approach in paragraphs 04-09 which is described as examining parent involvement as socially constructed and politically contested through the lenses of race, class, culture, and gender" (paragraph 07) . Second, she describes that her study is informed by Hoover-Dempsey and Sander’s model(paragraphs 10-12). Interestingly, this is the same theory used in the quantitative parent involvement study. Those authors used this theory to direct their quantitative questions which is a different use than in the qualitative parent role study. The author also cite literature in the method section (paragraph 15-17) to justify her procedures. Finally, she uses literature to help interpret the larger meaning of the results of the study. In the conclusion section (see paragraphs S5-67) the author discusses how the three parent types both reinforce and depart from findings in past research and suggests ways that the literature needs to be adapted.