FIG. 9. (Color online) Time averaged ion energy distribution for Ti þ ions from HiPIMS and dcMS discharges measured at 0.80 Pa and 1 cm below the target using equal average power. Note that the displayed intensities are in arbitrary units and that no correlation between the different abundances of Ti þ can be made based on this measurement only. Furthermore, the distributions have been normalized to fit into one single plot. The mass spectrometer was inserted from the side of the chamber (i.e., parallel to the target surface). From Lundin et al. (Ref. 168).