4.2. Stages of invasion
The stage-map (Fig. 5) is similar to the map proposed by Freshwater et al. (2009), modeling efforts by Cowen et al. (2006), and genetics work completed by Betancur-R et al. (2011). Stage one was a relatively quick progression, beginning in south Florida, spreading up to North Carolina, Bermuda, and finally juveniles in New York/New Jersey. Stage two occurs when individuals were first documented in the Bahamas around 2004. The source of dispersal to the Bahamas likely originated from the east coast of Florida populations as indicated by genetic studies linking the two populations (Freshwater et al., 2009 and Betancur et al., 2011). Transport models have shown very little connectivity between Florida and the Bahamas as well as Cuba and the Florida Keys, largely due to the strong flow of the Gulf Stream acting as a barrier (Briggs, 1995 and Paris et al., 2005). Richards et al. (2007) also noted low genetic connectivity across the Florida current between the Florida Keys and Belize reef populations of Ophiothrix lineata, a broadcast-spawning brittle star with planktonic larvae. Results of an unpublished biophysical modeling study show that ‘crossing events’ occasionally occur between Florida and the Bahamas ( Freshwater et al., 2009). Coupled with the high dispersal capability of the lionfish, this is one possible explanation for the source of Bahamas lionfish. Based on the observed pattern of actual capture records, our study suggests that larvae from populations in Bermuda and possibly the Sargasso Sea, could have seeded the population in the Bahamas by transport on prevailing currents.
4.2. ขั้นตอนของการบุกรุกThe stage-map (Fig. 5) is similar to the map proposed by Freshwater et al. (2009), modeling efforts by Cowen et al. (2006), and genetics work completed by Betancur-R et al. (2011). Stage one was a relatively quick progression, beginning in south Florida, spreading up to North Carolina, Bermuda, and finally juveniles in New York/New Jersey. Stage two occurs when individuals were first documented in the Bahamas around 2004. The source of dispersal to the Bahamas likely originated from the east coast of Florida populations as indicated by genetic studies linking the two populations (Freshwater et al., 2009 and Betancur et al., 2011). Transport models have shown very little connectivity between Florida and the Bahamas as well as Cuba and the Florida Keys, largely due to the strong flow of the Gulf Stream acting as a barrier (Briggs, 1995 and Paris et al., 2005). Richards et al. (2007) also noted low genetic connectivity across the Florida current between the Florida Keys and Belize reef populations of Ophiothrix lineata, a broadcast-spawning brittle star with planktonic larvae. Results of an unpublished biophysical modeling study show that ‘crossing events’ occasionally occur between Florida and the Bahamas ( Freshwater et al., 2009). Coupled with the high dispersal capability of the lionfish, this is one possible explanation for the source of Bahamas lionfish. Based on the observed pattern of actual capture records, our study suggests that larvae from populations in Bermuda and possibly the Sargasso Sea, could have seeded the population in the Bahamas by transport on prevailing currents.
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4.2. Stages of invasion
The stage-map (Fig. 5) is similar to the map proposed by Freshwater et al. (2009), modeling efforts by Cowen et al. (2006), and genetics work completed by Betancur-R et al. (2011). Stage one was a relatively quick progression, beginning in south Florida, spreading up to North Carolina, Bermuda, and finally juveniles in New York/New Jersey. Stage two occurs when individuals were first documented in the Bahamas around 2004. The source of dispersal to the Bahamas likely originated from the east coast of Florida populations as indicated by genetic studies linking the two populations (Freshwater et al., 2009 and Betancur et al., 2011). Transport models have shown very little connectivity between Florida and the Bahamas as well as Cuba and the Florida Keys, largely due to the strong flow of the Gulf Stream acting as a barrier (Briggs, 1995 and Paris et al., 2005). Richards et al. (2007) also noted low genetic connectivity across the Florida current between the Florida Keys and Belize reef populations of Ophiothrix lineata, a broadcast-spawning brittle star with planktonic larvae. Results of an unpublished biophysical modeling study show that ‘crossing events’ occasionally occur between Florida and the Bahamas ( Freshwater et al., 2009). Coupled with the high dispersal capability of the lionfish, this is one possible explanation for the source of Bahamas lionfish. Based on the observed pattern of actual capture records, our study suggests that larvae from populations in Bermuda and possibly the Sargasso Sea, could have seeded the population in the Bahamas by transport on prevailing currents.
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4.2 . ขั้นตอนของการรุกราน
แผนที่เวที ( ภาพที่ 5 ) มีลักษณะคล้ายกับแผนที่เสนอโดยน้ำจืด et al . ( 2009 ) , การสร้างหุ่นจำลองความพยายามโดยโคเวน et al . ( 2006 ) , พันธุศาสตร์และงานที่เสร็จสมบูรณ์ โดย betancur-r et al . ( 2011 ) ขั้นที่ 1 คือความก้าวหน้าค่อนข้างรวดเร็ว , เริ่มต้นในเซาท์ฟลอริดากระจายถึง North Carolina , เบอร์มิวดาและในที่สุดเยาวชนในนิวยอร์ก / นิวเจอร์ซีย์ .ขั้นที่สองเกิดขึ้นเมื่อบุคคลถูกบันทึกไว้ครั้งแรกในประเทศบาฮามาสรอบ 2004 แหล่งที่มาของการกระจายไปยังบาฮามาสน่าจะมาจากชายฝั่งตะวันออกของประชากรฟลอริด้าตามที่ระบุโดยการศึกษาทางพันธุกรรมที่เชื่อมโยงสองประชากร ( น้ำจืด et al . , 2009 และ betancur et al . , 2011 )แบบจำลองการขนส่งแสดงการเชื่อมต่อน้อยมากระหว่างฟลอริด้าและบาฮามาสรวมทั้งประเทศคิวบาและฟลอริดาคีย์ , ส่วนใหญ่เนื่องจากการไหลแรงของกระแสน้ำทำตัวเป็นอุปสรรค ( Briggs , 1995 และปารีส et al . , 2005 ) ริชาร์ด et al . ( 2007 ) ยังระบุพันธุกรรมต่ำการเชื่อมต่อข้ามระหว่างฟลอริดาคีย์ฟลอริด้าในปัจจุบันและแนวปะการังเบลีซมี lineata ophiothrix ,
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