The “Triple Aim” of health care is to improve individual patients’ experiences of care, advance population health, and reduce per capita health care costs. A central tenet of the Triple Aim is to restructure care in ways that lead to improvements across all three of these goals.
The Institute for Healthcare Improvement has worked with organizations in many countries to implement population wide interventions to foster the Triple Aim. Examples are programs that encourage self management of chronic conditions, promote e-mail communication between patients and physicians, and encourage greater use of primary care.
Other organizations have adopted a more targeted approach to achieving the Triple Aim. For example, a Commonwealth Fund case study found examples of organizations that were focusing on improving access and care for individual patients who had low incomes, were uninsured, or had complex chronic conditions.3 Indeed, several authors have argued that success will require both population health and individually focused strategies, such as those employed by Genesys Health System in Flint, Michigan.1,3,6,7 For example, Genesys increased its primary care capacity (that is, a population approach) and offered health navigators to its high-risk patients (that is, a targeted approach).
The objectives of this article are to propose a third, stratified approach to tackling the Triple Aim and to explore some of the ethical challenges that this new approach presents. The stratified approach to the Triple Aim involves identifying and prioritizing subpopulations according to their risk of experiencing health encounter failures—what we call “Triple Fail” events—and according to their likelihood of benefiting from preventive care
We define a Triple Fail event as a health outcome that is recorded in administrative data and arises from the health care process. Such events simultaneously have three failures: They are costly, represent a suboptimal health outcome, and are a poor patient experience. To generate the list of Triple Fail events in Exhibit 1, we applied our definition to the published literature to confirm each example’s failure on all three Triple Aim goals.
The “Triple Aim” of health care is to improve individual patients’ experiences of care, advance population health, and reduce per capita health care costs. A central tenet of the Triple Aim is to restructure care in ways that lead to improvements across all three of these goals.
The Institute for Healthcare Improvement has worked with organizations in many countries to implement population wide interventions to foster the Triple Aim. Examples are programs that encourage self management of chronic conditions, promote e-mail communication between patients and physicians, and encourage greater use of primary care.
Other organizations have adopted a more targeted approach to achieving the Triple Aim. For example, a Commonwealth Fund case study found examples of organizations that were focusing on improving access and care for individual patients who had low incomes, were uninsured, or had complex chronic conditions.3 Indeed, several authors have argued that success will require both population health and individually focused strategies, such as those employed by Genesys Health System in Flint, Michigan.1,3,6,7 For example, Genesys increased its primary care capacity (that is, a population approach) and offered health navigators to its high-risk patients (that is, a targeted approach).
The objectives of this article are to propose a third, stratified approach to tackling the Triple Aim and to explore some of the ethical challenges that this new approach presents. The stratified approach to the Triple Aim involves identifying and prioritizing subpopulations according to their risk of experiencing health encounter failures—what we call “Triple Fail” events—and according to their likelihood of benefiting from preventive care
We define a Triple Fail event as a health outcome that is recorded in administrative data and arises from the health care process. Such events simultaneously have three failures: They are costly, represent a suboptimal health outcome, and are a poor patient experience. To generate the list of Triple Fail events in Exhibit 1, we applied our definition to the published literature to confirm each example’s failure on all three Triple Aim goals.
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