All three assessments potentially could cover substantial amounts of the 21 st
century skills delineated in the frameworks above. However, CWRA and PISA are
limited in their effectiveness by their formats: paper-based and at times test-item-focused.
The Key Stage 3 has more potential to measure the full range of 21 st century capabilities,
including digital literacies, because it is conducted in a virtual world and based on
activities more sophisticated than making forced-choice decisions among a limited
number of alternatives.