Students' academic self-concept was tapped by focusing on their academic outcome expectancy in terms of study success. Three items were used in this study about how confident and prepared students felt to succeed in their study: “I expect that I will be able to succeed in my study”, “I feel well prepared for this study”, and “I fear this study will be too difficult for me”. The items were scored on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (does not apply to me at all) to 5 (does apply to me).