Visual inspection of the distribution may be used for assessing normality, although this approach is usually unreliable and does not guarantee that the distribution is normal (2, 3, 7). However, when data are presented visually, readers of an article can judge the distribution assumption by themselves (9). The frequency distribution (histogram), stem-and-leaf plot, boxplot, P-P plot (probability-probability plot), and Q-Q plot (quantile-quantile plot) are used for checking normality visually (2). The frequency distribution that plots the observed values against their frequency, provides both a visual judgment about whether the distribution is bell shaped and insights about gaps in the data and outliers outlying values (10). The stem-and-leaf plot is a method similar to the histogram, although it retains information about the actual data values (8). The P-P plot plots the cumulative probability of a variable against the cumulative probability of a particular distribution (e.g., normal distribution). After data are ranked and sorted, the corresponding z-score is calculated for each rank as follows: z = x - ᵪ̅ / s. This is the expected value that the score should have in a normal distribution. The scores are then themselves converted to z-scores. The actual z-scores are plotted against the expected z-scores. If the data are normally distributed, the result would be a straight diagonal line (2). A Q-Q plot is very similar to the P-P plot except that it plots the quantiles (values that split a data set into equal portions) of the data set instead of every individual score in the data. Moreover, the Q-Q plots are easier to interpret in case of large sample sizes (2). The boxplot shows the median as a horizontal line inside the box and the interquartile range (range between the 25 th to 75 th percentiles) as the length of the box. The whiskers (line extending from the top and bottom of the box) represent the minimum and maximum values when they are within 1.5 times the interquartile range from either end of the box (10). Scores greater than 1.5 times the interquartile range are out of the boxplot and are considered as outliers, and those greater than 3 times the interquartile range are extreme outliers. A boxplot that is symmetric with the median line at approximately the center of the box and with symmetric whiskers that are slightly longer than the subsections of the center box suggests that the data may have come from a normal distribution (8).