where Y is a n × 1 vector of observations on a response variable. β is a p × 1 vector of unknown regression coefficients, X is a matrix of order (n × p ) of observations on ‘p ’ predictor (or regressor) variables and ε is an n × 1 vector of errors with E (ε ) = 0 and V (ε ) = σ 2I n. For the sake of convenience, we assume that the matrix X and response variable Y are standardized in such a way that X ′X is a non-singular correlation matrix and X ′Y is the correlation between X and Y . The paper is concerned with data exhibited with multicollinearity leading to a high MSE for β meaning that View the MathML sourceβˆ is an unreliable estimator of β.
Let ∧ and T be the matrices of eigen values and eigen vectors of X′X, respectively, satisfying T′X′XT = ∧ = diagonal (λ1, λ2 , …, λp), where λi being the ith eigen value of X′X and T′T = TT′ = Ip we obtain the equivalent mode
where Y is a n × 1 vector of observations on a response variable. β is a p × 1 vector of unknown regression coefficients, X is a matrix of order (n × p ) of observations on ‘p ’ predictor (or regressor) variables and ε is an n × 1 vector of errors with E (ε ) = 0 and V (ε ) = σ 2I n. For the sake of convenience, we assume that the matrix X and response variable Y are standardized in such a way that X ′X is a non-singular correlation matrix and X ′Y is the correlation between X and Y . The paper is concerned with data exhibited with multicollinearity leading to a high MSE for β meaning that View the MathML sourceβˆ is an unreliable estimator of β.
Let ∧ and T be the matrices of eigen values and eigen vectors of X′X, respectively, satisfying T′X′XT = ∧ = diagonal (λ1, λ2 , …, λp), where λi being the ith eigen value of X′X and T′T = TT′ = Ip we obtain the equivalent mode
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