What parallels, then, do we find between Southeast Asia, northwestern Eurasia, and the Japanese isles? At roughly the same time as charter states began to cohere in mainland Southeast Asia, that is to
say during the second half and more especially the last third of the first millennium, the Frankish/Carolingian kingdom redrew the map of western Europe, the Kievan federation arose in Russia, and the charter ritsuryo order took hold in Japan. Much as Dai Viet grew out of the collapse of the Tang empire, the Frankish kingdom devolved indirectly from Rome.