In assuring
a sustainable balance between the silvicultural practice and
the natural ecosystem, integration with all the stakeholders should conversion into horticulture, as well as urban settlement area
occurred rapidly before 1999 at 5.7% and 0.4% respectively. In
relation to the causative factor of oil palm plantation, the majority
of this conversion was due to trespassing activities into the
gazetted area by the local people that live adjacent to the mangrove
area. Trespassing was observed during ground-truth period, which
were assisted by the reserve authority.