Oil shale is commonly defined as a

Oil shale is commonly defined as a fine-grained sedimentary rock
containing organic matter that yields substantial amounts of oil and
combustible gas upon destructive distillation. Most of the organic
matter is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents; therefore, it must be
decomposed by heating to release such materials. Underlying most
definitions of oil shale is its potential for the economic recovery of
energy, including shale oil and combustible gas, as well as a number
of byproducts [1]. In terms of mineral and elemental content, oil shale
differs from coal in several distinct ways. Oil shales typically contain
much larger amounts of inert mineral matter (60-90 percent) than
coals, which have been defined as containing less than 40 percent
mineral matter. The organic matter of oil shale, which is the source of
liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, typically has a higher hydrogen and
lower oxygen content than that of lignite and bituminous coal [2,3].
In general, the precursors of the organic matter in oil shale and coal
also differ, much of the organic matter in oil shale is of algal origin, but
may also include remains of vascular land plants that more commonly
compose much of the organic matter in coal. The origin of some of the
organic matter in oil shale is obscure because of the lack of recognizable
biologic structures that would help to identify the precursor organisms.
Such materials may be of bacterial origin or the product of bacterial
degradation of algae or other organic matter [4,5]. The mineral
component of some oil shales is composed of carbonates including
calcite, dolomite, and siderite, with lesser amounts of alumino silicates.
For other oil shales, the reverse is true-silicates including quartz,
feldspar, and clay minerals are dominant and carbonates are a minor
component. Many oil-shale deposits contain small, but ubiquitous,
amounts of sulfides including pyrite and marcasite, indicating that
the sediments probably accumulated in dysaerobic to anoxic waters
that prevented the destruction of the organic matter by burrowing
organisms and oxidation [5,6]. Oil shale differs from coal whereby the
organic matter in coal has a lower atomic H: C ratio [6,7]. The heating
value of the oil shale may be determined using a calorimeter. The
heating value is useful for determining the quality of an oil shale that
is burned directly in a power plant to produce electricity. The oil shale
industry as represented by the six countries in Figure 1 maintained a
combined yearly production of oil shale in excess of 30 million tons
from 1963 to 1992. From the peak year of 1981, yearly production of
oil shale steadily declined to a low of about 15 million tons in 1999.
Most of this decline is due to the gradual downsizing of the Estonian oil
shale industry. This decline was not due to diminishing supplies of oil
shale but to the fact that oil shale could not compete economically with
petroleum as a fossil energy resource. On the contrary, the potential
oil shale resources of the world have barely been touched [3]. Eastern
Desert of Egypt (Figure 2) is most notable for the presence of the
phosphorites of Gebel Duwi Range discovered over 60 years ago. The
shales of the Duwi Formation are interbedded with the phosphates of
the overlying Dakhla Formation and are generally black to grey and
rich enough in organic matter to warrant their description as black
shales. The Duwi Formation of Campanian-Maastrichtian age [8,9].
Organic association in the shale includes the organic components C,
H, N and S which seem to be responsible for accumulation of unusual
amounts of some trace elements, especially V. The objective of the

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

Oil shale is commonly defined as a fine-grained sedimentary rockcontaining organic matter that yields substantial amounts of oil andcombustible gas upon destructive distillation. Most of the organicmatter is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents; therefore, it must bedecomposed by heating to release such materials. Underlying mostdefinitions of oil shale is its potential for the economic recovery ofenergy, including shale oil and combustible gas, as well as a numberof byproducts [1]. In terms of mineral and elemental content, oil shalediffers from coal in several distinct ways. Oil shales typically containmuch larger amounts of inert mineral matter (60-90 percent) thancoals, which have been defined as containing less than 40 percentmineral matter. The organic matter of oil shale, which is the source ofliquid and gaseous hydrocarbons, typically has a higher hydrogen andlower oxygen content than that of lignite and bituminous coal [2,3].In general, the precursors of the organic matter in oil shale and coalalso differ, much of the organic matter in oil shale is of algal origin, butmay also include remains of vascular land plants that more commonlycompose much of the organic matter in coal. The origin of some of theorganic matter in oil shale is obscure because of the lack of recognizablebiologic structures that would help to identify the precursor organisms.Such materials may be of bacterial origin or the product of bacterialdegradation of algae or other organic matter [4,5]. The mineralcomponent of some oil shales is composed of carbonates includingcalcite, dolomite, and siderite, with lesser amounts of alumino silicates.For other oil shales, the reverse is true-silicates including quartz,feldspar, and clay minerals are dominant and carbonates are a minorcomponent. Many oil-shale deposits contain small, but ubiquitous,amounts of sulfides including pyrite and marcasite, indicating thatthe sediments probably accumulated in dysaerobic to anoxic watersthat prevented the destruction of the organic matter by burrowingorganisms and oxidation [5,6]. Oil shale differs from coal whereby theorganic matter in coal has a lower atomic H: C ratio [6,7]. The heatingvalue of the oil shale may be determined using a calorimeter. Theheating value is useful for determining the quality of an oil shale thatis burned directly in a power plant to produce electricity. The oil shaleindustry as represented by the six countries in Figure 1 maintained acombined yearly production of oil shale in excess of 30 million tonsfrom 1963 to 1992. From the peak year of 1981, yearly production ofoil shale steadily declined to a low of about 15 million tons in 1999.Most of this decline is due to the gradual downsizing of the Estonian oilshale industry. This decline was not due to diminishing supplies of oilshale but to the fact that oil shale could not compete economically withปิโตรเลียมเป็นทรัพยากรพลังงานฟอสซิ ในตรงกันข้าม ศักยภาพดินดานน้ำมันทรัพยากรของโลกแทบไม่ได้สัมผัส [3] ภาคตะวันออกทะเลทรายของอียิปต์ (รูปที่ 2) เป็นมรกสำหรับของphosphorites Gebel Duwi ช่วงพบกว่า 60 ปีที่ผ่านมา ที่shales ก่อ Duwi จะ interbedded กับฟอสเฟตของอยู่เหนือกว่าผู้แต่ง Dakhla และสีดำโดยทั่วไปมีสีเทา และอุดมพออินทรีย์เพื่อรับประกันการอธิบายเป็นสีดำshales อายุ Duwi ก่อตัวของ Campanian-Maastrichtian [8,9]สมาคมเกษตรอินทรีย์ในดินดานมีส่วนประกอบอินทรีย์ CH, N และ S ซึ่งดูเหมือนจะชอบสะสมของแปลกตาจำนวนติดตามองค์ประกอบบาง โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง V วัตถุประสงค์ของการ