We measured our primary independent variables, the IPCs, using 7 multi-item scales that we adapted from 2 existing instruments. The first instrument was the original version of the Interpersonal Processes of Care Survey,10 which was developed for adults from diverse racial/ethnic groups. The second instrument was the Prenatal Interpersonal Processes of Care(PIPC)Survey,11 in which the original IPCs were adapted and validated for ethnically diverse, pregnant women.