The study area is dominated by the climate of the Marmara Region, a transitional zone between those of the
Mediterranean and Black Sea. Average annual temperatures vary between 4.6°C (Uludag Crest Meteorology
Station at 1877 m altitude) and 14.4°C (Bursa Meteorology Station at 100 m altitude), with temperatures
decreasing with altitude. Given the less favourable climate conditions in highlands such as Uludag and Diskaya,
there are fewer settlements in these regions compared to the lowlands.