In this section arm function is used to denote proximal upper limb function (ie, shoulder/elbow) whereas hand function is used to denote distal upper limb function (ie, wrist and hand/fingers). The effect for neurophysiological approaches (Bobath) is unclear for both arm function (SWD 0.11, 95% CI -0.14–0.36) and hand function (SWD 0.13, 95% CI -0.19–0.44) (Langhorne et al, 2009).