Powerful as these arguments are, they suffer from two major flaws. First of all, they are too deterministic in shackling education to the conditions of production. In this, they do not allow for the exploitation of contradictory forces at work in the system, nor for human agency or resistance from within (Giroux, 1983). Secondly, especially in the case of Bowles and Gintis (1976), they ignore the Nature of knowledge, which as we have seen previously, relates to ideology and class, and cannot be ignored.