however, the amount of ammonia increases in an unbalanced rate of the neutralization resulting in the unique
odour. During fermentation, chemical reactions continuously take place, thus altering the composition of volatile
compounds at each fermentation stage. The rancid odour after 5 d and 8 d fermentation seems to be the effect of
lipid hydrolysis by lipase enzymes resulting in short fatty acids production that undergo chemical esterification to
produce the acids. As shown in Table 3, longer fermentation time produced more intense odour due to more
production of simple compounds with higher volatility like ammonia. Other than ammonia, the lactic acid bacteria
also produce enzymes to degrade fat substances in soybean into volatile esters and short chain fatty acids