According to Hofstede (2010), the GLOBE study surveyed managers of local
companies through 39 questions on the nine dimensions (p. 1340). The managers were asked twice to describe their organization or society "as it is," and then to judge it and to
describe it "as it should be" (Hofstede, 2011, p. 1340). Hofstede used the GLOBE data
and conducted "a second-order factor analysis of the 18 country scores x 56 countries
matrix" (p. 1340), after which he stated that he had "found five meta-factors that
resembled the five-dimensional structure" (p. 1340) of his own model.