Another North American landscape scholar to promote landscape as infrastructure is Gary Strang, who has formulated similar thoughts about the relationship between infrastructure and the contemporary landscape. With reference to Marx’s description of “the machine in the garden,” Strang observes that current conditions create a situation in which the machine becomes inseparable from the garden or in which the garden and the machine are completely intertwined (Strang 1996). In doing so, Strang does not refer to the formal characteristics but to the functional integration between infrastructure and a constructed landscape, which relies on infrastructure for its preservation. In seeing infrastructure as landscape, Strang argued for The Garden and the Machine