(the prescribed number of hours employees are supposed to spend on the job And actual working hours )the amount of time employees The two rarely coincide devote to job duties Some research shows that employees spend No more than half the work week actually performing required job tasks. Some of the lost time is scheduled by the company as rest pauses, but most of the lost time is unauthorized and beyond the control of the organization. When employee arrive at the workplace, it may take them a long time to begin work. They may check their e-mails end text messages, surf the Web, or sharpen pencil (whether needed or not). Throughout the workday they visit with co-workers, take coffee breaks, and exceed the length of the lunch period. Managers lose time waiting for meetings to begin or calls to be completed, or spend time sending personal e-mails