The incorporation of mechanical stirring into the ultrasonic reactor
explored the further improvement the transesterification of palm oil. Initial reaction rate values were
54.1, 142.9 and 164.2 mmol/L min for the mechanical-stirred (MS), ultrasonic (US) and MS–US reactors,
respectively. Suitable methanol to oil molar ratio and the catalyst loading values were found to be 6 and 1
of oil, respectively