perennially frozen (visible ice or, if not enough water, ≤ 0°C)
accumulation of secondary carbonates, non-cemented
andic properties, highly humified organic matter, higher ratio of fulvic acids
to humic acids
andic properties, highly humified organic matter, lower ratio of fulvic acids
to humic acids, blackish
high amounts of readily soluble salts
with sulfuric acid and a very low pH