Labor and capital are required to produce products and services. Besides being interested in moving in and out of product and service markets quickly, employers also would like to change the capital-labor mix as the relative costs of the two change. Consider the airlines' methods for passenger check-in for flights. Until recently, a passenger went to the airlin ticket counter at the airport and presented a paper ticket to the airline agent. The agent identified the customer; verified information on the ticket; entered data using a CRT terminal accepted, weighed, and tagged baggage; and printed a boarding pass. Airlines now use electronic tickets have now installed self-service touch-screen check in terminals, and also have Web-based options for check-in. A customer without baggage to check can check in using the Internet, print a boarding pass, and then go directly to the airport gate without contact with an agent. If there are bags to check, the customer can use the self-service terminal to check in and print baggage tags and boarding passes. An unskilled employee verifies identification and attaches the baggage tags
Once the initial investment is made in programming the airline's computer to handle reservations and check-in procedures and the terminals are purchased, maintenance costs are quite small. The airline has made several substitutions. Several ticket agents are replaced by terminals and a few lower-skilled baggage handlers. Ongoing ticket agent effort is replaced the one-time efforts of systems information technology specialists and a low level of ongoing system and hardware maintenance and upgrades
. One of the technological changes that has had the biggest effect on employment and wages is the introduction of containerization in international trade. Instead of having ships packed and loaded in ports, manufacturers can now load containers at their factories, transport them t ports, and have entire containers loaded onto ships using high-capacity cranes. Employment of longshore and stevedore workers has decreased substantially around the world at the same time that shipping volumes have ballooned
Labor and capital are required to produce products and services. Besides being interested in moving in and out of product and service markets quickly, employers also would like to change the capital-labor mix as the relative costs of the two change. Consider the airlines' methods for passenger check-in for flights. Until recently, a passenger went to the airlin ticket counter at the airport and presented a paper ticket to the airline agent. The agent identified the customer; verified information on the ticket; entered data using a CRT terminal accepted, weighed, and tagged baggage; and printed a boarding pass. Airlines now use electronic tickets have now installed self-service touch-screen check in terminals, and also have Web-based options for check-in. A customer without baggage to check can check in using the Internet, print a boarding pass, and then go directly to the airport gate without contact with an agent. If there are bags to check, the customer can use the self-service terminal to check in and print baggage tags and boarding passes. An unskilled employee verifies identification and attaches the baggage tags Once the initial investment is made in programming the airline's computer to handle reservations and check-in procedures and the terminals are purchased, maintenance costs are quite small. The airline has made several substitutions. Several ticket agents are replaced by terminals and a few lower-skilled baggage handlers. Ongoing ticket agent effort is replaced the one-time efforts of systems information technology specialists and a low level of ongoing system and hardware maintenance and upgrades. One of the technological changes that has had the biggest effect on employment and wages is the introduction of containerization in international trade. Instead of having ships packed and loaded in ports, manufacturers can now load containers at their factories, transport them t ports, and have entire containers loaded onto ships using high-capacity cranes. Employment of longshore and stevedore workers has decreased substantially around the world at the same time that shipping volumes have ballooned
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