which consist of mainly galacturonic acid units being linked by a-(1 ? 4) linkages. They are known for their gelling properties and
being used widely in the food industry, pharmaceutical industry and the cosmetic industry. Commercial pectins are extracted mainly from by-products from the food industry such as citrus
peel, apple pomace and to a smaller extent, sugar beet pulp. In commercial practices, there are two types of pectin: high methoxyl (HM) pectin with a degree of methylation (DM) >50% and low
methoxyl (LM) pectins with a DM