With the interest in education which accompanied the Renaissance and with the tremendous increase I commercial activity at the time, hosts of popular textbooks I arithmetic began to appear. Three hundred such books were printed in Europe prior to the seventeenth century. These texts were largely of two types, those written in Latin by classical scholars often attached to the Church schools, and those written in the vernaculars by practical teachers interested in preparing boys for commercial careers. These latter teachers often also served as town surveyors, and gaugers, and included the influential Rechenmeisters supported by the Hanseatic League, a powerful protective union of commercial towns in the Teutonic countries.
The earliest printed arithmetic is the anonymous and now extremely rare Treviso Arithmetic, published in 1478 in the town of Treviso, located on the trade route linking Venice with the north. It is largely a commercial arithmetic devoted to explaining the writing of numbers, computation with them, and applications to partnership and barter. Like the earlier “algorisms” of the fourteenth century, it also contains some recreational questions.
Far more influential in Italy than the Treviso Arithmetic was the commercial arithmetic written by Piero Borghi. This highly useful work was published in Venice in 1484 and ran through at least seventeen editions, the last appearing in 1557. In 1491 appeared, in Florence, a less important arithmetic by Filippo Calandri, but interesting to us because it contains the first print d example of our modern process of long division and also the first illustrated problems published in Italy. We have already considered Pacioli’s Suma, published in 1494, a large portion of which is devoted to the time may be gleaned from the problems of the book.
See J.W.L. Glaisher , “On the Early History of the Signs + and – and on the Early German Arithmeticians,” Messenger of mathematics, LI (1921 -1922), 1-148.
Very influential in Germany was Widman’s arithmetic published in 1489 at Leipzig. Another important German arithmetic was that written by Jacob Kobel (1470-1533) a Rechenmeister of Heidelberg. The popularity of the arithmetic, published in 1514, is attested by the fact that it ran through at least 22 editions. But perhaps the most influential of the German commercial arithmetics was that of Adam Riese (ca. 1489-1559), published in 1522. So reputable was this work that even today in Germany the phrase nach Adam Riese is used to indicate a correct calculation.
England, too, produced some noted early arithmetics. The first published work in England devoted exclusively to mathematics was an arithmetic written by Cuthbert Tonstall (1474-1559). This book, founded on Pacionli’s Suma, was printed in 1522 and was written in Latin. During his eventful life, tonstall filled a number of ecclesiastical and diplomatic posts. The regard of his contemporaries for scholarship is indicated by the fact that the first printed edition of Euclid’s Element in Greek (1533) was dedicated to him. But the most influential English textbook writer of the sixteenth century was Robert Recorde (ca. 1510-1558). Recorde wrote in English, his works appearing as dialogues between master and student. He wrote at least five books, his first being an arithmetic fancifully entitled the Ground of Aries and published about 1542. This work enjoyed at least 29 printings. Recorde studied at Oxford and then took a medical degree at Cambridge. He taught mathematics in private classes at both institutions while in residence there and afte leaving Cambridge served as physician to Edward VI and Queen Mary. In later life he became “Comptroller of the Mines and Monies” in Ireland. His last years were spent in prison, probably for some misdemeanor connected with his work in Ireland.
With the interest in education which accompanied the Renaissance and with the tremendous increase I commercial activity at the time, hosts of popular textbooks I arithmetic began to appear. Three hundred such books were printed in Europe prior to the seventeenth century. These texts were largely of two types, those written in Latin by classical scholars often attached to the Church schools, and those written in the vernaculars by practical teachers interested in preparing boys for commercial careers. These latter teachers often also served as town surveyors, and gaugers, and included the influential Rechenmeisters supported by the Hanseatic League, a powerful protective union of commercial towns in the Teutonic countries.
The earliest printed arithmetic is the anonymous and now extremely rare Treviso Arithmetic, published in 1478 in the town of Treviso, located on the trade route linking Venice with the north. It is largely a commercial arithmetic devoted to explaining the writing of numbers, computation with them, and applications to partnership and barter. Like the earlier “algorisms” of the fourteenth century, it also contains some recreational questions.
Far more influential in Italy than the Treviso Arithmetic was the commercial arithmetic written by Piero Borghi. This highly useful work was published in Venice in 1484 and ran through at least seventeen editions, the last appearing in 1557. In 1491 appeared, in Florence, a less important arithmetic by Filippo Calandri, but interesting to us because it contains the first print d example of our modern process of long division and also the first illustrated problems published in Italy. We have already considered Pacioli’s Suma, published in 1494, a large portion of which is devoted to the time may be gleaned from the problems of the book.
See J.W.L. Glaisher , “On the Early History of the Signs + and – and on the Early German Arithmeticians,” Messenger of mathematics, LI (1921 -1922), 1-148.
Very influential in Germany was Widman’s arithmetic published in 1489 at Leipzig. Another important German arithmetic was that written by Jacob Kobel (1470-1533) a Rechenmeister of Heidelberg. The popularity of the arithmetic, published in 1514, is attested by the fact that it ran through at least 22 editions. But perhaps the most influential of the German commercial arithmetics was that of Adam Riese (ca. 1489-1559), published in 1522. So reputable was this work that even today in Germany the phrase nach Adam Riese is used to indicate a correct calculation.
England, too, produced some noted early arithmetics. The first published work in England devoted exclusively to mathematics was an arithmetic written by Cuthbert Tonstall (1474-1559). This book, founded on Pacionli’s Suma, was printed in 1522 and was written in Latin. During his eventful life, tonstall filled a number of ecclesiastical and diplomatic posts. The regard of his contemporaries for scholarship is indicated by the fact that the first printed edition of Euclid’s Element in Greek (1533) was dedicated to him. But the most influential English textbook writer of the sixteenth century was Robert Recorde (ca. 1510-1558). Recorde wrote in English, his works appearing as dialogues between master and student. He wrote at least five books, his first being an arithmetic fancifully entitled the Ground of Aries and published about 1542. This work enjoyed at least 29 printings. Recorde studied at Oxford and then took a medical degree at Cambridge. He taught mathematics in private classes at both institutions while in residence there and afte leaving Cambridge served as physician to Edward VI and Queen Mary. In later life he became “Comptroller of the Mines and Monies” in Ireland. His last years were spent in prison, probably for some misdemeanor connected with his work in Ireland.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..