Fig. 1 also differs from previous taxonomies and frameworks in another important way. Each of the four main types of
control in Fig. 1 are shown to be providing the simultaneous encouragement of desirable behavior and discouragement of
undesirable behavior. Desirability is defined in terms of promoting behavior that is congruent with the implementation of the
organization’s strategy. As represented in Fig. 1, each of the four types of control is divided into two parts, one part showing
a positive sign (denoting its encouragement and ability to reward conforming employee behavior) and the other a negative
sign (denoting its discouragement and ability to penalize nonconforming employee behavior). Each part of any particular type
of control depicts an arrow connecting that part to strategy implementation; and, as just mentioned, on all occasions this
arrow runs through employee behavior.