Other significant balance sheet and income statement adjustments include ( 1) bad debt reserves; ( 2) low- interest, long- term debt securities; ( 3) investments in affiliates; and ( 4) loans and advances to officers, employees, or other companies. Additionally, earnings should be adjusted. Only true earnings derived from the operations of the business should be considered. One- time items ( from the sale of a company division or asset, for example) should be excluded. Also, if the company has been using a net operational loss carry forward, so its pretax income has not been fully taxed, this also should be considered. Upward ( or downward) income and balance sheet adjustments should be made for any unusually large bad- debt or inventory write- off, and for certain accounting practices, such as accelerated versus straight- line depreciation.