more likely to rate themselves consistently with ratings by their peers and subordinates (Brutus, Fleenor, and McCauley, 1999; Vecchio and Anderson, 2009). A study on causal attributions suggested that women have a greater tendency to underrate their performance because they tend to attribute their success to external factors more than men do (Parsons, Meece, Adler, & Kaczala, 1982). Men, on the other hand, have been shown to have higher self-esteem than women do (Kling, Hyde, Showers, & Buswell, 1999), which may explain why men tend to have higher selfevaluations than women. For these reasons, we argue that gender differences in perceived leadership effectiveness may depend on the source of the rating.
more likely to rate themselves consistently with ratings by their peers and subordinates (Brutus, Fleenor, and McCauley, 1999; Vecchio and Anderson, 2009). A study on causal attributions suggested that women have a greater tendency to underrate their performance because they tend to attribute their success to external factors more than men do (Parsons, Meece, Adler, & Kaczala, 1982). Men, on the other hand, have been shown to have higher self-esteem than women do (Kling, Hyde, Showers, & Buswell, 1999), which may explain why men tend to have higher selfevaluations than women. For these reasons, we argue that gender differences in perceived leadership effectiveness may depend on the source of the rating.
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