In conducting needs analysis, diverse instruments can be used to gather
information such as questionnaires, interviews, observations, and collection of texts as
well as informal consultations with sponsors, learners and course instructors
(Hutchinson & Waters, 1987 and Brown, 1995). The most frequently used methods
are questionnaires, interviews, observations, data collection e.g. gathering texts, and
informal consultations with sponsors, learners, hotel staffs, and non-native speakers.