The effectiveness of root cause and PIC/NIC analyses in guiding the pinpointing process has not been empirically evaluated within a behavioral safety process, but the Performance Diagnostic Checklist (Austin, 2000) is a tool that has been validated in organizational interventions involving non-safety related behaviors. One interesting question to be addressed in future research pertains to the convergent validity of these tools—that is, do these tools identify the same problems and solutions or do they provide unique recommendations? Another question pertains to the extent to which safety-engineering skills are needed to conduct analyses of hazards and risks. Some behavioral safety texts suggest non-safety staff might be sufficient for conducting some types of assessments, such as peer observations (McSween, 2003).