3. Methodology
Consistent with case study methodology, observation, interviews and document analysis were chosen as the best means of collecting the data required for an educational case-study research setting (Merriam, 1997). Five full-day classroom observations were video recorded together with the field notes, and a total of 10 interview hours were transcribed. Observation data on the process of teaching and learning in the classroom was triangulated with semi-structured interviews with the teacher herself, four school administrators, five colleagues and 21 (all) of the teacher’s 10 year old students.
This particular teacher was chosen as the sole sample because of her well-known credibility as the teacher in the school who need not raise her voice in class for anything. She always receives good feedback from both students and parents, and most important, she has an excellent track record of class discipline. To begin with, this teacher began her career as a qualified English teacher at various government secondary schools in Malaysia since 1968. After she retired in 1995, she decided to join a private primary school, and this move made a significant impact on her, as she had never taught, trained nor handled primary school children. Her modesty and perseverance turned her into one of the best teachers the school has ever encountered. Her reputation as a good teacher has never left her since the day she started teaching in the school. In recent years she has made a significant contribution in turning her class around, and the class has won the monthly cleanliness trophy for almost an entire year, missing only twice. The class was also noted for its outstanding discipline during line-up after break time. Most important, she is highly respected not only by the students but also by the parents. Furthermore, her views and opinions are always sought out by colleagues and school administrators.
4. Findings and Discussions
The findings are discussed under the three broad categories as in the literature review. Under the ‘teachers’ role’ category, the teacher observed is noted to have respect for her students in the class. She calls them by name and she knows her students well. She is able to recognize the weak, the quiet, and those who seem to dominate classroom discussion most of the time. She constantly reminds the class that she would like the weaker ones to try. She always looks around for students not putting up their hands and encourages them to answer. By doing so, she instils confidence in the weaker ones, at the same time conveying a sense of sharing, patience and understanding to the whole class.
She demonstrates a strong commitment towards her students. This is noticed during the first observation, when she reminded the class about being the best and disciplined even when she is not with them. This is known as vision setting, where a teacher gives her students a focus or a goal to achieve. In the fifth observation, she encourages them not to admit defeat even though they lost the cleanliness trophy that week. She also told them she likes their spirit of not giving up. Her students that were interviewed mentioned her not getting angry when they fail but instead encouraging thus motivating them to carry on.
“She supports us. She encourages us to be better. If we don’t win or when we fail a subject, she doesn’t scold us; she tells us to try again. She doesn’t get mad.”
“She doesn’t get angry. She’s kind and patient. Even if she gets angry, she doesn’t (student shows an angry face). She doesn’t spank.”
That commitment was also shown when she returned from her medical leave and asked the class how they were doing. She then listened to her students’ report, an indication that she cares for them. Sharing the students’ stories shows she cares; at the same time she is not afraid to share her feelings and thoughts. This sharing behaviour was felt by the students and made them ask her why she was absent and what made her sick. Commitment promotes caring that manifests in sharing of information, which finally produces the spirit of caring. All these components show her interest in the students’ well-being. The spirit of sharing and caring is the energy of enthusiasm that she displays in her quiet manner.
The teacher knows her lessons well, which we feel would have demanded some amount of time spent in preparation. There was not a dull moment in all of the five observations; each lesson was creatively prepared. The teaching methodologies were also varied. There was storytelling using herself as the main topic and real-life scenarios relevant to the students. She also used students as her topic of discussion or in bringing out a point related to the lesson, real objects such as fresh fruit for the reading class, teaching aids like the alphabet chart, handouts, the classroom plants, question and answer, drills, repetition, and the list continues. Her classes did not leave any room for the students to create unwanted issues or engage in bad behaviour during lesson.
She combines prior knowledge of the students, linking this knowledge to the present moment and knowledge about other topics. For example, how to choose a ‘good’ durian, taking the students to the market to learn about local fruits, using the colloquial term ‘heaty’ to mean ‘feeling hot,’ discussing experiences on ‘balik kampong’ or going back to your home town, using the Malay language to explain difficult terminology, using real plants to teach science, and many others. All these show her creativity in lesson presentation and in using the situations that arise in class. She also uses the students’ replies or questions as a springboard to teach the lesson on values or the contents of the topic for that day. Her students also concluded that the class is lively.
She knows how to keep the class focused on what she is teaching. Whenever she comes into the classroom, the students automatically remove the things on their desk and keep them inside their bags or inside their desk drawer. Having things on the desk can serve as a distraction, so she repeats this teaching every time she sees students with cluttered desks.
She constantly checks with her students as to whether they understand her lesson or not. When they face any difficulty in understanding the text or a word, she is always willing to explain. This behaviour was noted in the interviews too. “She helps us with revision and difficult words. Usually she will tell us stories.” When asked how telling stories helps, the reply was; “So we can understand what she wants us to do.” Her student also mentioned that she helps them with their homework and difficult words.
She does not complain or reprimand, nor would she chide her students even if they ask her ‘silly questions.’ She simply makes sure that her students understand what she has taught them. This demonstrates her passion and her willingness to go beyond her ways in ensuring that transfer of knowledge has occurred. It also shows her readiness and flexibility in adapting her teaching methodologies to the student’s style of learning.
We also noted that in all the classroom teaching and learning observations, the tasks given were challenging and appropriately designed to suit the student age level and ability, so that each student can meet the objectives as listed in the lessons’ learning outcome. This shows that the teacher has done a lot of preparation prior to the teaching time.
Her lessons were organized. She always starts with a set induction to gauge the students’ attention, then proceeds to introduce the lesson topic for that day with various styles. She then reinforces the topic with various activities and drills as demonstrated in all the observations. Her final lesson is written work, which usually becomes their homework.
Another prominent feature in all the observations is her spirit of encouragement, be it praises for answering, commendations for getting good marks, or passing simple words of encouragement. She does not seem to have much negativism in her class. One student says she always “...says nice thing to us”. She has an inbuilt quality that runs when she is in her class and likely when she is outside of her class. During the interview, she explained the power of encouragement. Her encouragements make the students feel valued and also make them feel that they belong to the class. She is a great motivator as proven by Student B, who would continue to be the best even as she moved beyond this teacher; “Yes, because she tells us we must be the best even though she’s not there. Yes, be together as the best.”
Instead of penalising her homework dodger, she would praise him when the student finally handed in his homework to her. And when the same student did not pass up his work during the fifth observation, she attended to him one-on-one and helped him finish the work immediately after class. There was no shouting or yelling, nor would she send the student out of the class. She was in control. She embodied the Chinese saying “give the boy ‘face’ so as not to embarrass him.”
Though the competitive spirit was invoked during her lessons as well as in the distribution of games, she used competitiveness as points for rewards. Her rewards were abundant and generous. Pizzas, squash racquets, ice-creams, and sweets, were some of the prizes mentioned; “She gives us lots of presents; sweets, Pizza Hut, Dominoes pizza. She also uses her own money to buy stuff for the class. She also gives us things she doesn’t want.”
Points were also given for doing work on time, being honest, unusual answers and also group work rewards. Points were also used as her method of discipline. “When she wants to teach us from our wrong doing, she just minus marks, millions of marks. The most is grounding.” (Grounding is taking away the privilege of play time during break and lunch time.)
Her effective teacher characters were als
3. วิธีสอดคล้องกับกรณีศึกษาวิธี สังเกต การสัมภาษณ์ และวิเคราะห์เอกสารถูกเลือกเป็นสุดของการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลจำเป็นสำหรับการตั้งค่าการศึกษากรณีศึกษา (Merriam, 1997) สังเกตห้องเรียนเต็มวัน 5 ได้วิดีโอที่บันทึกพร้อมกับหมายเหตุฟิลด์ และจำนวนชั่วโมงสัมภาษณ์ 10 ถูกทับศัพท์ ข้อมูลการสังเกตกระบวนการเรียนการสอน และการเรียนรู้ในห้องเรียนได้รับสัมภาษณ์กึ่งมีโครงสร้างกับอาจารย์ตัวเอง ผู้ดูแลโรงเรียนสี่ ผู้ร่วมงาน 5 และ 21 (ทั้งหมด) ของนักเรียนอายุ 10 ปีของครูครูเฉพาะนี้ถูกเลือกเป็นตัวอย่างแต่เพียงผู้เดียวเนื่องจากความน่าเชื่อถือของเธอรู้จักเป็นครูในโรงเรียนที่ต้องเพิ่มเสียงของเธอในชั้นเรียนสำหรับอะไร เธอมักจะรับผลตอบรับที่ดีจากนักเรียนและผู้ปกครอง และสำคัญ เธอมีประวัติดีเยี่ยมระดับวินัย จะเริ่มต้นด้วย ครูนี้เริ่มอาชีพของเธอเป็นครูภาษาอังกฤษมีคุณภาพที่โรงเรียนมัธยมรัฐบาลต่าง ๆ ในมาเลเซียตั้งแต่ค.ศ. 1968 หลังจากที่เธอถอนในปี 1995 เธอตัดสินใจเข้าโรงเรียนประถมเอกชน และย้ายนี้ทำมีผลกระทบสำคัญ เธอเป็นเธอก็ไม่เคยสอน รับการฝึกอบรม หรือจัดการเด็กประถม โมเดสตี้และความวิริยะอุตสาหะของเธอเปิดเธอเป็นหนึ่งในครูที่สุดที่เคยพบโรงเรียน ชื่อเสียงของเธอเป็นครูที่ดีไม่เคยจากเธอตั้งแต่วันที่เธอเริ่มสอนในโรงเรียน ในปีที่ผ่านมา เธอได้ทำส่วนสำคัญในการเปลี่ยนชั้นเรียนของเธอรอบ และชั้นได้รับรางวัลความสะอาดรายเดือนเกือบตลอดปี ขาดเพียงสอง ยังเรียนได้สังเกตสำหรับวินัยความโดดเด่นระหว่างบรรทัดขึ้นหลังจากเวลาหยุดพัก สำคัญ เธอสูงจะยอมรับไม่เพียงแต่ โดยนักเรียน แต่ยังอยู่ โดยผู้ปกครอง นอกจากนี้ มุมมองและความคิดเห็นของเธออยู่เสมอขอออก โดยเพื่อนร่วมงานและผู้ดูแลโรงเรียน4. ผลการวิจัยและการสนทนาผลการวิจัยกล่าวถึงภายใต้สามประเภทที่กว้างในการทบทวนวรรณกรรม ภายใต้ 'บทบาทครู' ประเภท ครูสังเกตมีไว้ให้เคารพครูในชั้นเรียน เธอเรียกตามชื่อ และเธอรู้ว่าครูดี เธอไม่ได้อ่อนแอ สงบ และผู้ที่ดูเหมือนจะครองห้องเรียนสนทนาส่วนใหญ่แล้ว เธอตลอดเวลาเตือนชั้นว่า เธอต้องการแข็งแกร่งลอง เธอมักจะหาสถานไม่วางมือนักเรียน และกระตุ้นให้ตอบ โดยการทำเช่นนั้น เธอ instils ความเชื่อมั่นในคนแข็งแกร่ง ในเวลาเดียวกันที่ถ่ายทอดความรู้สึกร่วมกัน ความอดทน และความเข้าใจไปทั้งชั้นเธอแสดงให้เห็นถึงความมุ่งมั่นที่แข็งแกร่งต่อนักเรียนของเธอ นี้เป็นสังเกตในระหว่างการเก็บข้อมูลครั้งแรก เมื่อเธอนึกถึงชั้นเกี่ยวกับการดีสุด และ disciplined แม้เมื่อเธอไม่ได้ นี้เรียกว่าเป็นวิสัยทัศน์ที่ตั้ง ที่ครูให้นักเรียนของเธอเน้นหรือเป้าหมายเพื่อให้บรรลุ ในการสังเกตห้า เธอให้การยอมรับความพ่ายแพ้แม้ว่าพวกเขาหายไปความสะอาดถ้วยรางวัลสัปดาห์ที่ เธอยังบอกว่า เธอชอบจิตวิญญาณของพวกเขาก็ไม่ นักเรียนของเธอที่ถูกสัมภาษณ์ดังกล่าวของเธอไม่ได้รับโกรธเมื่อพวกเขาล้มเหลวแต่แทน ส่งเสริมจึง สร้างแรงจูงใจให้ดำเนินการใน"เธอสนับสนุนเรา เธอสอนเราได้ดีกว่า ถ้าเราไม่ชนะ หรือเมื่อเราล้มเหลวเรื่อง เธอไม่ประชุมเพลิงเรา เธอบอกให้ลองอีกครั้ง เธอไม่ได้บ้า"“She doesn’t get angry. She’s kind and patient. Even if she gets angry, she doesn’t (student shows an angry face). She doesn’t spank.”That commitment was also shown when she returned from her medical leave and asked the class how they were doing. She then listened to her students’ report, an indication that she cares for them. Sharing the students’ stories shows she cares; at the same time she is not afraid to share her feelings and thoughts. This sharing behaviour was felt by the students and made them ask her why she was absent and what made her sick. Commitment promotes caring that manifests in sharing of information, which finally produces the spirit of caring. All these components show her interest in the students’ well-being. The spirit of sharing and caring is the energy of enthusiasm that she displays in her quiet manner.The teacher knows her lessons well, which we feel would have demanded some amount of time spent in preparation. There was not a dull moment in all of the five observations; each lesson was creatively prepared. The teaching methodologies were also varied. There was storytelling using herself as the main topic and real-life scenarios relevant to the students. She also used students as her topic of discussion or in bringing out a point related to the lesson, real objects such as fresh fruit for the reading class, teaching aids like the alphabet chart, handouts, the classroom plants, question and answer, drills, repetition, and the list continues. Her classes did not leave any room for the students to create unwanted issues or engage in bad behaviour during lesson.She combines prior knowledge of the students, linking this knowledge to the present moment and knowledge about other topics. For example, how to choose a ‘good’ durian, taking the students to the market to learn about local fruits, using the colloquial term ‘heaty’ to mean ‘feeling hot,’ discussing experiences on ‘balik kampong’ or going back to your home town, using the Malay language to explain difficult terminology, using real plants to teach science, and many others. All these show her creativity in lesson presentation and in using the situations that arise in class. She also uses the students’ replies or questions as a springboard to teach the lesson on values or the contents of the topic for that day. Her students also concluded that the class is lively.She knows how to keep the class focused on what she is teaching. Whenever she comes into the classroom, the students automatically remove the things on their desk and keep them inside their bags or inside their desk drawer. Having things on the desk can serve as a distraction, so she repeats this teaching every time she sees students with cluttered desks.She constantly checks with her students as to whether they understand her lesson or not. When they face any difficulty in understanding the text or a word, she is always willing to explain. This behaviour was noted in the interviews too. “She helps us with revision and difficult words. Usually she will tell us stories.” When asked how telling stories helps, the reply was; “So we can understand what she wants us to do.” Her student also mentioned that she helps them with their homework and difficult words.She does not complain or reprimand, nor would she chide her students even if they ask her ‘silly questions.’ She simply makes sure that her students understand what she has taught them. This demonstrates her passion and her willingness to go beyond her ways in ensuring that transfer of knowledge has occurred. It also shows her readiness and flexibility in adapting her teaching methodologies to the student’s style of learning.We also noted that in all the classroom teaching and learning observations, the tasks given were challenging and appropriately designed to suit the student age level and ability, so that each student can meet the objectives as listed in the lessons’ learning outcome. This shows that the teacher has done a lot of preparation prior to the teaching time.Her lessons were organized. She always starts with a set induction to gauge the students’ attention, then proceeds to introduce the lesson topic for that day with various styles. She then reinforces the topic with various activities and drills as demonstrated in all the observations. Her final lesson is written work, which usually becomes their homework.Another prominent feature in all the observations is her spirit of encouragement, be it praises for answering, commendations for getting good marks, or passing simple words of encouragement. She does not seem to have much negativism in her class. One student says she always “...says nice thing to us”. She has an inbuilt quality that runs when she is in her class and likely when she is outside of her class. During the interview, she explained the power of encouragement. Her encouragements make the students feel valued and also make them feel that they belong to the class. She is a great motivator as proven by Student B, who would continue to be the best even as she moved beyond this teacher; “Yes, because she tells us we must be the best even though she’s not there. Yes, be together as the best.”Instead of penalising her homework dodger, she would praise him when the student finally handed in his homework to her. And when the same student did not pass up his work during the fifth observation, she attended to him one-on-one and helped him finish the work immediately after class. There was no shouting or yelling, nor would she send the student out of the class. She was in control. She embodied the Chinese saying “give the boy ‘face’ so as not to embarrass him.”Though the competitive spirit was invoked during her lessons as well as in the distribution of games, she used competitiveness as points for rewards. Her rewards were abundant and generous. Pizzas, squash racquets, ice-creams, and sweets, were some of the prizes mentioned; “She gives us lots of presents; sweets, Pizza Hut, Dominoes pizza. She also uses her own money to buy stuff for the class. She also gives us things she doesn’t want.”Points were also given for doing work on time, being honest, unusual answers and also group work rewards. Points were also used as her method of discipline. “When she wants to teach us from our wrong doing, she just minus marks, millions of marks. The most is grounding.” (Grounding is taking away the privilege of play time during break and lunch time.)Her effective teacher characters were als
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